Anaphylaxis (Chemical Immunology and Allergy, Vol. 95)

255 Pages·2010·3.7 MB·English

by  Johannes Ring

Anaphylaxis
Chemical Immunology and Allergy
Vol. 95
Series Editors
Johannes Ring
Munich
Kurt Blaser
Davos
Monique Capron
Lille
Judah A. Denburg
Hamilton
Stephen T. Holgate
Southampton
Gianni Marone
Naples
Hirohisa Saito
Tokyo
Anaphylaxis
Volume Editor
Johannes Ring
Munich
32 figures, 1 in color, and 37 tables, 2010
Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · Bangalore ·
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Chemical Immunology and Allergy
Formerly published as ‘Progress in Allergy’ (Founded 1939),
continued 1990–2002 as ‘Chemical Immunology’
Edited by Paul Kallós 1939–1988, Byron H. Waksman 1962–2002
Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Johannes Ring
Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und
Allergologie am Biederstein
Technische Universität München
Christine Kühne Center for Allergy
Research and Education (CK-CARE)
Biedersteiner Strasse 29
DE–80802 München (Germany)
E-Mail [email protected]
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Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Reinhardt Druck, Basel
ISSN 1660–2242
ISBN 978–3–8055–9441–7
e-ISBN 978–3–8055–9442–4
Section Title
Contents
XI Preface
Ring, J. (Munich)
XII Charles M. Richet on Anaphylaxis. A Facsimile (1904)
History and Epidemiology
1 History and Classification of Anaphylaxis
Ring, J.; Behrendt, H.; de Weck, A. (Munich/Pamplona)
1 Abstract
2 History
4 Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis
6 Clinical Symptomatology
9 Management of Anaphylaxis
9 Allergens and Elicitors
10 References
12 Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis
Worm, M. (Berlin)
12 Abstract
12 Sources of Information on the Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis
13 Limitations
13 Causes of Anaphylaxis
13 Food
15 Drugs
16 Insect Venom Anaphylaxis
17 Biphasic Anaphylactic Reaction
17 Age
18 Atopy
18 Geography
18 Gender
19 Socioeconomic Status
19 References
Mechanisms
22 T-Cell Response to Allergens
Ozdemir, C. (Istanbul); Akdis, M.; Akdis, C.A. (Davos)
V
22 Abstract
23 Allergen Recognition by the Immune System
23 Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition Receptors
26 Dendritic Cell Subsets
26 Dendritic Cell/T-Cell Interaction
28 T-Cell Activation Signals
29 Effector T-Cell Subsets
29 Th1 and Th2 Cells
30 T-Helper-17 Cells
31 T-Helper-9 Cells
31 Regulatory T Cells
34 T Cells in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
34 Treg Cells in Suppression of Effector Cells
35 T-Cell/B-Cell Interaction, IgE Production
36 IL-10 and Treg Cells in Suppression of IgE
36 T Cells in Late-Phase Reactions
37 Conclusion
37 Acknowledgements
37 References
45 Anaphylaxis: Mechanisms of Mast Cell Activation
Kalesnikoff, J.; Galli, S.J. (Stanford, Calif.)
45 Abstract
46 Use of Mouse Models to Study Anaphylaxis
49 IgE-Dependent Anaphylaxis: FcεRI Signaling
50 Proximal Signaling Events
52 Calcium Regulation
53 Membrane Fusion Events
54 Negative Regulation of FcεRI-Dependent Mast Cell Activation
57 Factors Modulating (or ‘Tuning’) FcεRI-Dependent Mast Cell Functional Activation
57 Effects of IgE on Surface Levels of FcεRI, Survival and Mediator Production
58 Variation in the Mast Cell’s Responsiveness to Activation
59 Endogenous Products that Modulate Responses to Aggregation of FcεRI
61 Other Immune and Non-Immune Mechanisms of Anaphylaxis
62 Concluding Remarks
63 References
67 Kinins, Airway Obstruction, and Anaphylaxis
Kaplan, A.P. (Charleston, S.C.)
67 Abstract
68 Introduction
69 Proteins
70 Mechanisms of Bradykinin Formation (Contact Activation)
72 Cell Surface Assembly of the Plasma Kinin-Forming Cascade
73 Kinin Formation at the Surface of Endothelial Cells
73 Angioedema
74 C1 Inhibitor Deficiency
74 Causes and Inheritance
75 Molecular Genetics
76 Diagnosis
76 Pathogenesis
77 Acquired C1 Inhibitor Deficiency
78 Treatment
79 Other Hereditary and Non-Hereditary Angioedemas
79 Kinins and Anaphylactic-Like Reactions
80 References
VI Contents
85 Role for Basophils in Systemic Anaphylaxis
Karasuyama, H. (Tokyo); Tsujimura, Y. (Tokyo/Tsukuba-shi); Obata, K.; Mukai, K. (Tokyo)
85 Abstract
85 Biology of Basophils
87 Newly Identified Roles for Basophils
87 Basophils Drive Th2-Cell Differentiation through Secretion of Th2 Cytokines and Antigen
Presentation
88 Basophils Enhance Humoral Memory Response
88 Basophils Initiate IgE-Mediated Chronic Allergic Inflammation
89 A Crucial Role for Basophils in Anaphylaxis
90 Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Absence of Mast Cells and IgE
91 A Crucial Role for Basophils in IgG-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis
93 Basophils Release Platelet-Activating Factor Instead of Histamine to Induce IgG-Mediated
Systemic Anaphylaxis
94 Possible Roles for Human Basophils in Anaphylaxis
95 Perspective
95 References
98 Human Cardiac Mast Cells in Anaphylaxis
Genovese, A.; Rossi, F.W.; Spadaro, G.; Galdiero, M.R.; Marone, G. (Naples)
98 Abstract
99 Human Heart Mast Cells
99 Preformed Mediators Synthesized by HHMC
101 Lipid Mediators de novo Synthesized by HHMC
101 Cytokines Synthesized by HHMC
102 Immunologic and Non-Immunologic Stimuli that Activate HHMC in vitro
103 Role of HHMC in Systemic and Cardiac Anaphylaxis
103 Cardiovascular Effects of Histamine Infusion in Man
104 Effects of Activation of the H Receptor on Coronary Hemodynamics in Man
1
105 Hemodynamic Effects of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Man
105 Conclusions
106 Acknowledgements
107 References
Diagnosis and Clinical Symptomatology
110 Mastocytosis
Brockow, K. (Munich); Metcalfe, D.D. (Bethesda, Md.)
110 Abstract
111 Description
111 Pathogenesis
112 Clinical Features
112 Cutaneous Involvement
113 WHO Classification of Systemic Involvement
115 Mast Cell Mediator-Induced Symptoms
116 Mastocytosis and Anaphylaxis
116 Frequency of Anaphylaxis in Patients with Mastocytosis
116 Clinical Features of Anaphylaxis
117 Elicitors of Anaphylaxis
118 Diagnosis
119 Therapy
120 Avoidance of Trigger Factors and Treatment of Anaphylaxis
121 Therapy of Mast Cell Mediator-Induced Symptoms
121 Therapy of Skin Lesions
122 Therapy of Aggressive Forms of Mastocytosis
122 Acknowledgement
123 References
Contents VII
125 In vitro Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis
Sanz, M.L. (Pamplona); Gamboa, P.M. (Bilbao); García-Figueroa, B.E.; Ferrer, M. (Pamplona)
125 Abstract
126 Diagnosis of Anaphylactic Reaction
126 Mediators in Anaphylaxis
126 Histamine
126 Tryptase
127 Chymase
128 Mast Cell Carboxypeptidase A3
128 Platelet-Activation Factor
128 Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Anaphylaxis-Triggering Allergens
129 Drugs
129 β-Lactam Antibiotics
129 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (NMBA)
131 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
132 Other Drugs
133 Latex
133 Anisakis Allergy
133 Insect Venom Allergy
134 Foods
136 Diagnosis by Components. Microarrays to Determine Specific IgE
137 Acknowledgements
137 References
Allergens and Elicitors
141 Insect Venoms
Müller, U.R. (Bern)
141 Abstract
141 Taxonomy and Biology of Responsible Insects
142 Apidae
143 Vespidae
144 Ants (Formicidae, Myrmicidae)
145 Allergens in Hymenoptera Venoms
146 Allergens in Apid Venoms
146 Allergens in Vespid Venoms
147 Allergens in Ant Venoms
147 Recombinant Venom Allergens
148 Clinical Presentation of Anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera Venoms
148 Epidemiologic Aspects
149 Diagnosis
149 History
150 Skin Tests and Specific IgE Antibodies
151 Other Tests
151 Prevention and Emergency Treatment
151 Immunotherapy
151 Efficacy and Safety
153 Indications
154 Immunotherapy Protocols and Duration
154 References
157 Classification and Pathophysiology of Radiocontrast Media
Hypersensitivity
Brockow, K.; Ring, J. (Munich)
157 Abstract
158 Classification of Adverse Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Media
VIII Contents
159 Clinical Presentation of Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity
160 Pathophysiology of Immediate Reactions
163 Pathophysiology of Non-Immediate Reactions
165 Diagnosis
165 Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions
166 Non-Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions
167 Prevention
168 Acknowledgements
168 References
170 Analgesics
Szczeklik, A. (Cracow)
170 Abstract
170 Historical Note
173 Classification
173 Aspirin-Induced Asthma
175 Prevention and Treatment
176 Aspirin-Sensitive Urticaria/Angioedema
176 Hypersensitivity to Pyrazolones
177 Allergic Anaphylactic Reactions to NSAIDs
178 Acknowledgements
178 References
180 Anaphylaxis to General Anesthetics
Moneret-Vautrin, D.A.; Mertes, P.M. (Nancy)
180 Abstract
181 Epidemiology
181 Specific Clinical Features of Anesthesia Induced Anaphylaxis
183 Population at Risk
183 Causal Agents
184 NMBAs: Immune-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions Are Predominant
185 Non-Immune-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions
186 Investigation of an Allergic Reaction
187 Histamine and Tryptase during Peroperative Anaphylaxis
187 Skin Testing
188 Conclusion
188 References
190 Anaphylactic Reactions to Local Anesthetics
Ring, J.; Franz, R.; Brockow, K. (Munich)
190 Abstract
191 Chemical Structure
192 Clinical Symptomatology
193 Toxicity
193 Pharmacologic Effect
193 Hypersensitivity Reactions
193 IgE-Mediated Anaphylaxis
193 Contact Allergy (Type IV Reactions)
194 Non-Immune Anaphylactic (‘Pseudo-Allergic’) Reactions
194 Results of Skin Test and Provocation Test Procedures
195 Psychosomatic Involvement
196 Reverse Placebo Provocation
197 Diagnostic Work-Up
197 Conclusion
198 Acknowledgement
199 References
Contents IX