Analyzing Politics

376 Pages·2010·2.79 MB·English

by  Ellen Grigsby

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Analyzing Politics
An Introduction to Political Science
FOURTH EDITION
ELLEN GRIGSBY
UniversityofNewMexico
Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates
AnalyzingPolitics:AnIntroductiontoPolitical COPYRIGHTª2009Wadsworth,adivisionofCengageLearning,
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Contents
PREFACE xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Political Science and Scientific Methods in Studying
Politics 11
The Range of Political Science: Historical Developments 12
ThinkingScientifically:SomeFoundationsofScientificInquiry 17
Thinking Scientifically About Politics 21
Case Studies 21
Survey Research 24
Experiments and Quasi-Experiments 28
Indirect Quantitative Analysis 29
Science: Limitations 31
How Can We Have a Science of Human Behavior When Human
Behavior Is Often Unique? 31
How Do We Know Our Findings Are Correct? 32
Does the Pursuit of Science Lead Us to Ignore Important
Questions? 32
Does Science Contradict Its Own Logic? 34
Can Science Avoid Coming into Conflict with Ethics? 35
Summing Up 39
Study Questions 39
Following up Through Internet Sources 40
v
vi CONTENTS
3 Key Concepts in Political Science 41
Power 42
Types of Power 43
Debates in the Study of Power 55
States 56
States: State Formation, Development, and Change 58
Debates in the Study of States 59
Nations 67
States and Nations: Relations and Interactions 67
Debates in the Study of Nations 70
Summing Up 72
Study Questions 73
Following Up Through Internet Sources 74
4 Political Theory: Examining the Ethical Foundations
of Politics 75
Analyzing Political Theory: Plato’s Allegory of the Cave 76
Some Fundamental Ethical Questions in Politics 79
What Purpose Should the State Serve? 79
Should States Promote Equality? 82
Should States Be Organized to Maximize Their Own Power
or Organized to Restrain This Power? 88
Should States Try to Help Us Be Ethical? 91
Summing Up 95
Study Questions 96
Following up Through Internet Sources 97
5 Political Ideologies I: Liberalism, Conservatism,
and Socialism 98
Liberalism 98
Classical Liberalism 99
Modern Liberalism 104
Classical and Modern Liberalism Today 106
Conservatism 108
Traditional Conservatism 108
Traditional Conservatism Today 111
Traditional Conservatism and Classical Liberal Conservatism
in Conflict 112
CONTENTS vii
Socialism 116
Marxism 117
Marxism-Leninism 122
Social Democracy 124
Summing Up 126
Study Questions 126
Following up Through Internet Sources 127
6 Political Ideologies II: Fascism 128
The Fascism of Mussolini and Hitler 128
Neofascism 139
Summing Up 142
Study Questions 142
Following up Through Internet Sources 143
7 Political Ideologies III: Feminism, Environmentalism,
and Postmodernism 144
Feminism 145
Liberal Feminism 150
Radical Challenges to Liberal Feminism 151
Environmentalism 154
Basic Principles 155
Diversity within Environmentalist Ideology 159
A Note on Postmodernism 161
Summing Up 162
Study Questions 163
Following up Through Internet Sources 163
8 Comparative Politics I: Governmental Systems:
Democracy and Nondemocracy 164
Democracy as a Fluid and Varied Governing Process 165
Democracies Compared 170
Participation: The United States and Switzerland 170
Pluralism: The United States and Germany 172
Developmentalism: The United States and Argentina 175
Protection: The United States and Great Britain 178
Performance: The United States and India 181
Nondemocracy: A Fluid and Varied Governing Process 183
Questions About China 188
viii CONTENTS
Summing Up 190
Study Questions 192
Following up Through Internet Sources 193
9 Comparative Politics II: Interest Groups, Political Parties,
and Elections 194
Interest Groups 195
Interest Groups in the United States 195
Interest Groups Compared: Democracies 203
Interest Groups Compared: Nondemocracies 207
Political Parties 208
Political Parties in the United States 208
Political Parties Compared: Democracies 213
Political Parties Compared: Nondemocratic and Transitional
Systems 216
Elections 217
Elections in the United States 218
Elections Compared: Democracies 226
Elections Compared: Nondemocracies 228
Summing Up 228
Study Questions 230
Following up Through Internet Sources 231
10 Comparative Politics III: Governing Democracies:
Executives, Legislatures, and Judiciaries 232
Executive–Legislative Relations: Presidential and Parliamentary
Systems 232
The U.S. Presidential System: The Executive 233
The British Parliamentary System: The Executive 238
Other Examples of Executive–Legislative Relations 240
The U.S. Presidential System: The Legislature 241
The British Parliamentary System: The Legislature 245
Judicial Review Versus Parliamentary Sovereignty 247
Summing Up 249
Study Questions 250
Following up Through Internet Sources 250
11 International Relations I: Introduction 251
Models of Analysis 253
Idealism 253
CONTENTS ix
Realism 255
International Relations: Out of Bipolarism and into the Twenty-
First Century 258
Bipolar Politics 258
After Bipolarism 260
International Security Questions 261
Summing Up 270
Study Questions 271
Following up Through Internet Sources 271
12 International Relations II: Contemporary Issues 272
Media and Politics 275
Economics and Politics 279
Summing Up 287
Study Questions 287
Following up Through Internet Sources 288
NOTES 289
GLOSSARY 346
INDEX 355
CREDITS 363