REAL NUMBERS N E W E D I T I O N Analyzing Income Properties for a Profitable Investment Joseph T. Sinclair .com RealEstateInvestmentCenter Other Books by Joseph T. Sinclair First edition of Real Numbers published by Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Eight titles covering various aspects of Internet technology written for lay people and published by various national publishers. Seven titles about eBay, two in several editions, the “Smart Way” series, most written for eBay retailers, published by AMACOM, the publishing division of the American Management Association. REAL NUMBERS Analyzing Income Properties for a Profitable Investment New Edition Joseph T. Sinclair Real Estate Investment Press Vallejo, California This is a new edition of the book Real Numbers originally published by Richard D. Irwin, Inc. in 1993 and now out of print. Real Estate Investment Press is an imprint of Caithness Multimedia Publishing, 133 Sand Dollar Drive, Vallejo, California, USA. The printed verson of this book is available from the Real Estate Investment Center dot Com online at http://RealEstateInvestmentCenter.com This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is published and sold with the under- standing that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, real estate, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. ISBN: 978-1-886907-01-0 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-886907-00-3 (paperback) LCCN: 2008932397 ©2009 Joseph T. Sinclair. All rights reserved. This is the Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) version of Real Numbers New Edition. 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First version 20081001 Current version 20081015 Digital signature: To my wife Lani Jan Wallin Sinclair, my daughter Brook Jaclyn Sinclair, and my son Thomas Frederick Jack Sinclair. Contents Preface ..............................................................................xxiii Acknowledgments .............................................................xxvii Introduction ............................................................................1 Investment Analysis .................................................................2 But Wait ! ................................................................................2 Special Book Format ..............................................................4 Standard Analysis Format .....................................................4 Confidence ..............................................................................6 The Beginning of the Book ....................................................7 Four Financial Reports ..........................................................7 Income & Expense Statement ..............................................10 The Future ............................................................................10 Pro Forma .............................................................................11 Points of View ........................................................................11 Owner-Seller and Property Manager .................................12 History ..................................................................................12 Owner’s Statement ..............................................................12 Reconstructed Statement ....................................................12 Future Performance ............................................................12 Seller’s Pro Forma ...............................................................13 VII VIII REAL NUMBERS Buyer-Investor and Lender .................................................13 Investor .................................................................................13 Buyer’s Pro Forma ..............................................................15 Real Estate Professional .......................................................15 The Property .........................................................................17 Shading .................................................................................18 Subjective Investor ...............................................................19 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ...........................................20 The Book’s Point of View ....................................................20 Examples ................................................................................21 The Quest for Accuracy ........................................................23 Forecast Numbers ................................................................24 Tax .........................................................................................25 What Year? ...........................................................................26 Common Sense ....................................................................26 Summary ................................................................................27 Part I Income & Expense Statement ...................................29 1. Potential Rental Income ...................................................31 Introduction ...........................................................................32 Points of View ........................................................................32 Market Data ...........................................................................32 Apartments .............................................................................32 Rent-up ..................................................................................33 Current Rents .......................................................................34 Timing ...................................................................................35 Incentives ..............................................................................37 Offices .....................................................................................38 Every Lease ...........................................................................39 Rent Concessions ..................................................................39 Shopping Centers ..................................................................41 Other Rent ..............................................................................43 Reimbursed Expenses ............................................................43 Deposits ..................................................................................44 Lease Clauses .........................................................................45 Absorption ..............................................................................45 Small Investments .................................................................45 Summary ................................................................................46 2. Vacancy & Credit Loss .....................................................47 Vacancy ...................................................................................48 Credit Loss .............................................................................48 CONTENTS IX Determining a Vacancy Rate ................................................49 Calculating a Percentage Vacancy...................................... 49 Rate Change ..........................................................................50 Shopping Centers .................................................................50 An Arbitrary Standard ..........................................................50 Market Vacancy ....................................................................51 Summary ................................................................................52 3. Effective Rental Income ...................................................53 4. Other Income ...................................................................55 Definition by Example ..........................................................56 Laundry .................................................................................56 Parking Spaces ......................................................................56 Convenience Store ................................................................56 Executive Suites ....................................................................57 Hotel ......................................................................................57 Other Income Category .......................................................58 Reimbursed Expenses ............................................................58 Before or After? ......................................................................58 The Standard View ..............................................................59 Another View ........................................................................59 Interest ....................................................................................61 Summary ................................................................................61 5. Gross Operating Income ..................................................63 6. Operating Expenses .........................................................65 Cases .......................................................................................66 Not Included ..........................................................................67 Annual Property Operating Data (APOD) .........................68 Real Estate Taxes ..................................................................70 Personal Property Taxes ......................................................70 Property Insurance ...............................................................71 Off-Site Management ..........................................................71 Payroll (On-Site Personnel) ................................................71 Expenses – Benefits ..............................................................72 Taxes/Workers’ Compensation ...........................................72 Repairs and Maintenance ....................................................72 Utilities ..................................................................................72 Accounting and Legal ..........................................................73 Real Estate Leasing Commissions (no longer printed) ....73 Licenses/Permits ...................................................................74 Advertising ............................................................................74 Supplies .................................................................................75 X REAL NUMBERS Miscellaneous (no longer printed) ......................................75 Micellaneous Contract Services ..........................................75 Other Categories ..................................................................76 Percentage Estimate of Expenses .........................................76 Summary ................................................................................76 7. Net Operating Income .......................................................77 The Starting Point .................................................................78 Uses .........................................................................................79 Summary ................................................................................80 Part II Taxable Income Analysis .........................................81 8. Interest Expense ...............................................................85 Interest Only Loan ................................................................86 Principal Payment Loan .......................................................86 Amortized Loan .....................................................................87 One-Payment Loan ...............................................................88 Adjustable Rate Mortgages ...................................................89 Negative Amortization Loan ................................................90 Participation Loan .................................................................91 Irregular Payment Loan ........................................................92 Loan Analysis .........................................................................93 Amortization of Loan Points ...............................................93 Imputed Interest ...................................................................94 Prepaid Intrest ......................................................................94 Summary ................................................................................94 9. Cost Recovery ..................................................................95 Allocations ..............................................................................96 Improvements and Land .....................................................96 Personal Property .................................................................97 Depreciation ...........................................................................98 Cost Recovery for Improvements ........................................98 Cost Recovery for Personal Property ..................................98 Capital Additions and Replacements .................................98 Basis .......................................................................................98 Recapture ...............................................................................99 Amortization Items ..............................................................99 Summary ................................................................................99 10. Nonoperating Expenses ................................................101 What Expenses? ...................................................................102 Ground Lease Rent ..............................................................103
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