ebook img

Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic, and pharmaceutical chemists PDF

765 Pages·1997·127.5 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic, and pharmaceutical chemists

Analytical Toxicology for Clinical, Forensic and Pharmaceutical Chemists CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES -METHODS APPLICATIONS Series Editors H.Ch.Curtius M.Roth W DE G Walter de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1997 Analytical Toxicology for Clinical, Forensic and Pharmaceutical Chemists Editors KBrandenberger R. A. A. Maes W DE G Walter de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1997 Editors Professor Dr. Hans Brandenberger Dr. Robert A.A.Maes Former Head of the Department Professor of Human Toxicology of Forensic Chemistry and Netherlands Institute for Professor of Chemical Toxicology Drugs and Doping Research at the University of Zürich University of Utrecht Chalet Biene Sorbonnelaan 16 CH-6356 Rigi Kaltbad NL-3584 CA Utrecht Switzerland The Netherlands Series Editors Professor Dr. Hans-Christoph Curtius Professor Dr. Marc Roth Former Head of the Division of Clinical Former Head of the Central Laboratory for Chemistry Clinical Chemistry, now at the Department of Pediatrics Department of Physical Medicine and University of Zurich/Switzerland Reeducation, University Hospital Geneva Gut Weiherhof Beau Sejour D-78315 Radolfzell CH-1211 Geneva 14 Germany Switzerland Publishers Walter de Gruyter & Co. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. Genthiner Strasse 13 200 Saw Mill River Road D-10785 Berlin Hawthorne, N.Y. 10532 Germany USA With 164 figures, tables and formulas. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Analytical toxicology : for clinical, forensic, and pharmaceutical chemists / editors, H. Brandenberger, R. A. A. Maes, XXVII; 735 p. 24 17cm. - (Clinical biochemistry ; 5) Includes index. ISBN 3-11-010731-7 (alk. paper) 1. Analytical toxicology. I. Brandenberger, H.(Hans) II. Maes, R.A.A. (Robert A.A.), 1937 III. Series. [DNLM; 1. Toxicology-methods. QV 602 A5327 1997] RA1221.A49 1997 615.9'07-dc21 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cataloging-in-Publication Data Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists / ed. Hans Brandenberger ; Robert A.A.Maes. - Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter, 1997 (Clinical biochemistry ; 5) ISBN 3-11-010731-7 © Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. © Copyright 1997 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. - Printed in Germany. Typesetting/Printing: TUTTE Druckerei GmbH, Salzweg-Passau. Binding: Lüderitz & Bauer GmbH, Berlin - Cover Design: Hansbernd Lindemann, Berlin. Editorial Analytical toxicology is a rather complex science. Chemists venturing into this field must possess a high degree of flexibility. They should not only have an excellent theoretical and technical knowledge of analytical chemistry, but also be prepared to look beyond the doors of their laboratories, to ensure that the submitted requests agree with the problematic, and that the results of their investigations will be in- terpreted correctly. The analytical part of the work of a chemical toxicologist, which takes up his main time and effort, is complicated by several circumstances: - Most specimens submitted for analysis are of biological nature (body fluids, tissue samples) and possess a complex matrix. - The poisons or drugs which must be detected and quantified may be present only in minute amounts, so that microanalytical techniques have to be used. - Often, goal and direction of a search are not clearly determined before the start of the investigation (searches for "the general unknown"). They may only become obvious during the actual work, so that strategy and pathways must progressively be adapted to the new situation. - Toxic effects can be caused by an enormous variety of substances: metal ions, anions, gases, solvents, chemical intermediates, many classes of differently struc- tured pesticides and drugs, as well as substances of natural origin. An analyst specialized in only a few of these fields is not the ideal toxicologist. All-rounders are needed, capable of tackling inorganic and organic problems, coping with gases and solvents, as well as with compounds possessing only minute volatility. But even the best analytical all-rounder is not an ideal toxicologist, if he does not place his laboratory studies into a larger context. He can obtain his commission from a physician or a hospital (in clinical toxicology) or from a judge or attorney (in forensic toxicology). In both cases, the commissioner may not always be fully aware of the possibilities and difficulties inherent in the requested laboratory inve- stigation. Furthermore, his knowledge of the dissemination and action of poisons may also be insufficient to judge all intoxication possibilities. The toxicologist must therefore possess the initiative to call for the case documentation (anamnesis, clinical or pathological data), to study this information and discuss it with the mandator, should a rectification of the analytical request seem desirable. But he can only do this, if he is well-informed about the distribution of poisons in the environment, their uses in our society, as well as their action on the body. This knowledge is likewise needed for the interpretation of the analytical data and for a correct and useful reporting of the results. In this context, a solid understanding of the resorption pathways of poisons, their metabolic fate and their excretion is equally indispensable. Our book is intended to help a toxicologist with both aspects of his work, with the actual analytical investigation, as well as with the "side-lines" of his job, the "take-over" of an investigation from a medical or forensic authority, the interpre- tation of the analytical data and communication of results to the mandator. The bulk of the book is divided into 3 main parts. Part 1 contains chapters of general nature. Various branches of toxicology are described, the history of toxi- VI Editorial cological analysis is briefly reviewed, and outlooks into new methodological pos- sibilities made. We have abstained from including chapters describing different ana- lytical techniques, since this information can be found in many chemical textbooks. Methods which are of special importance to toxicologists and may not be adequately treated in general analytical texts are discussed in some of the chapters in Parts 2 and 3 of the book. So contain for example: - chapter 2.3 on ethyl alcohol and related solvents a discussion of different gas Chromatographie procedures, as well as a computer program for data processing in alcohol analysis, - chapter 2.10 on toxic metals considerable information on the role of atomic ab- sorption analysis in inorganic toxicology, - chapter 3.1 on barbiturates a detailed description of liquid-liquid extraction pro- cedures in drug analysis, controlled by UV-screening of extracts, - chapter 3.9 and 3.10 many examples for the use of mass spectrometry in the identification of drugs and metabolites, - chapters 3.11, 3.15 and 3.16 a wealth of information on the different possibilities for immunochemical analysis. In Part 2 of the book, the chapters dealing with the most important types of poisons have been assembled, while the main classes of drugs with toxicological importance are discussed in Part 3. This subdivision, however, has not always been observed. Chapter 2.5 on volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons presents mainly toxicological in- formation, with emphasis on compounds of special importance in the field of medi- cine, while chapter 3.10 deals also with the environmental and chemical aspects of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and includes a large number of solvents not used as anesthetics. The 2 chapters complement each other and should be studied together. Part 4 of the book contains an up-dated list of clinical and toxicological blood drug levels, and will certainly be a welcome help for the interpretation of analytical data. We have tried to avoid overlaps between the different chapters, unfortunately not always with success, as may be expected from a book written by a large number of authors. We hope that the book will be of use to clinical and forensic toxicologists as well as to pharmacists involved in analytical work. The critical evaluations of the analytical possibilities may help with the choice of methods, the additional infor- mation assist in determining the goals of an investigation and in interpreting its results. - Our book is not a "cookbook" (which could anyway only have very re- stricted importance in the vast field of toxicology). It also does not try to list all substances of toxicological importance. Such volumes (i.e. the Merck Index and Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs) already have their established place on the desk of every toxicologist and could not be replaced. Our new "Analytical Toxicology" is intended as a textbook for younger toxicologists, and as a critical review and stimulus for more experienced colleagues in the field. In addition to all analytical and toxicological information presented, it tries to teach the analytical toxicologists to see and place their technical obligations in a larger context. The editors have to thank the authors for their manuscripts. The senior editor is indebted to Roberta Hanson-Brandenberger for her help with the literature search, for correcting all his manuscripts, and for her useful and welcome criticism. The Editors Contributors Douwe de Boer, Dr. Marika Geldmacher-v. Mallinckrodt Netherlands Institute for Drugs Professor Dr. Dr. and Doping Research formerly at the Utrecht University Institute for Legal Medicine Sorbonnelaan 16 University of Erlangen-Nürnberg private address: NL-3584 CA Utrecht Schlehenstraße 20, The Netherlands D-91056 Erlangen Robin A. Braithwaite, PhD Germany Laboratory for Toxicology City Hospital, NHS Trust Käthy Halder, Dr. Dudley Road formerly at the GB-Birmingham BIS 7QH Department of Forensic Chemistry Great Britain University of Zürich Hans Brandenberger, Professor Dr. private address: formerly at the Englischgruss-Str. 5 Department of Forensic Chemistry CH-3902 Brig-Glis, University of Zürich, Switzerland private address: Chalet Biene Jürgen Hallbach, Dr. CH-6356 Rigi Kaltbad Institute for Clinical Chemistry Switzerland City Hospital München-Bogenhausen Robert Brandenberger, Professor Dr. Englschalkinger Str. 77 Department of Physics D-81925 München Brown University Germany Providence, RI 02912 USA Gary L. Henderson, PhD Robert J. Flanagan, PhD Department of Pharmacology National Poison's Unit and Toxicology Guy's Hospital, NHS Trust School of Medicine Avonley Road University of California GB-London SE14 5ER Davis, CA 95616 Great Britain USA Albert D. Fräser, Professor, PhD Clinical & Forensic Toxicology David W. Holt, PhD Dalhousie University and The Analytical Unit Victoria General Hospital Department of Cardiological Sciences 1278 Tower Road St. George's Hospital, Medical School Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2Y9, GB-London SW17 ORE Canada Great Britain VIII Contributors Kojiro Kimura, Professor Dr. Robert A. A. Maes, Professor Dr. Department of Legal Medicine Netherlands Institute for Drugs School of Medicine and Doping Research Shimane University Utrecht University EnyaChour 89-1, Izumo Sorbonnelaan 16 Shimane 693 NL-3584 CA Utrecht Japan The Netherlands Tohru Kojima, Professor Dr. Department of Legal Medicine Masataka Nagao, Professor Dr. School of Medicine Department of Forensic Medicine Hiroshima University University of Tokyo 1-2-3 Kasumi-cho Bunkyo-ku Minami-ku Tokyo 113 Hiroshima 734 Japan Japan Wolf-Rüdiger Külpmann, Takeaki Nagata, Professor Dr. Professor Dr. formerly at the Institute for Clinical Chemistry I Department of Forensic Medicine Medical University of Hannover Faculty of Medicine Konstanty-Gutschow-Strasse 8 Kyushu University D-30625 Hannover private address: Germany 3-15-15 Kashiwara, Minami Fukuoka 815 Yukio Kuroiwa, Professor Dr. Japan School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa University 1-5-4 Hatanodai Michel Pelletier, Dr. Shinagawa Department of Mineral, Analytical and Tokyo 142 Applied Chemistry Japan University of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 Miriam S. Leloux, Dr. CH-1211 Geneva 4 Central Research Switzerland AKZO-Nobel Laboratories Postbus 9300 NL-6800 SB Arnhem The Netherlands Marc Roth, Professor Dr. former Head of the Central Laboratory Günter Machbert for Clinical Chemistry Professor Dr. now at the Department of Physical Institute for Legal Medicine Medicine and Reeducation University of Erlangen-Nürnberg University Hospital Geneva Universitätsstr. 22 Beau Sejour D-91054 Erlangen CH-1211 Geneva 14 Germany Switzerland Contributors IX Maurice Schmidt, Dr. Hermann Vogel, Dr. City Hospital La Chaux-de-Fonds Institute for Clinical Chemistry CH-2300 La Chaux-de Fonds City Hospital München-Bogenhausen Switzerland Englschalkinger Str. 77 D-81925 München Harald Schütz, Professor Dr. Germany Institute for Legal Medicine Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Tom B. Vree, Dr. Frankfurter Str. 58 Departments of Clinical Pharmacy D-35392 Gießen and Anesthesiology Germany Hospital Nijmegen Geert Grooteplein, Zuid 8, NL-6525 GA Nijmegen Therese J.A. The Netherlands Seppenwoolde-Waasdorp Netherlands Institute for Drugs Robin Whelpton, PhD and Doping Research Department of Pharmacology Utrecht University Queen Mary & Westerfield College Sorbonnelaan 16 Mile End Road NL-3584 CA Utrecht GB-London El 4NS The Netherlands Great Britain Bryan Widdop, PhD Takehiko Takatori, Professor Dr. National Poisons Unit Department for Forensic Medicine Guy's and St. Thomas's NHS Trust University of Tokyo Avonley Road Bunkyo-ku GB-London SE14 5ER Tokyo 113 Great Britain Japan Takemi Yoshida, Professor Dr. Donald R. A. Uges, Dr. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of the Department Showa University of Pharmacy 1-5-4 Hatanodai, Shinagawa University Hospital of Groningen Tokyo 142 Postbus 30.001 Japan Oostersingel 59 NL-9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.