Analytical Measurements in Aquatic Environments (Analytical Chemistry)

506 Pages·2009·6.3 MB·English

by  Jacek Namiesnik

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Analytical measurements in aquatic environments / editors, Jacek Namiesnik, Piotr Szefer.
p. cm. -- (Analytical chemistry series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-8268-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Aquatic ecology--Mathematical models. 2. Chimometrics. I. Namiesnik, Jacek, 1949- II. Szefer,
Piotr. III. Title. IV. Series.
QH541.5.W3A565 2010
577.601’5118--dc22 2009026755
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................................... vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................................... ix
Contributors ................................................................................................................................ xi
Chapter 1 Strategy of Collecting Samples from an Aquatic Environment ............................... 1
Bogdan Zygmunt and Anna Banel
Chapter 2 Preservation and Storage of Water Samples ........................................................... 19
Marek Biziuk, Angelika Beyer, and Joanna Z˙ukowska
Chapter 3 Application of Passive Sampling Techniques for Monitoring the
Aquatic Environment ............................................................................................. 41
Graham A. Mills, Richard Greenwood, Ian J. Allan, Ewa Łopuchin,
Janine Brümmer, Jesper Knutsson, and Branislav Vrana
Chapter 4 Modern Techniques of Analyte Extraction ............................................................ 69
Thaer Barri and Jan-Åke Jönsson
Chapter 5 Mineralization Techniques Used in the Sample Preparation Step ......................... 95
Henryk Matusiewicz
Chapter 6 Biota Analysis as a Source of Information on the State of
Aquatic Environments .......................................................................................... 103
J.P. Coelho, A.I. Lillebø, M. Pacheco, M.E. Pereira, M.A. Pardal,
and A.C. Duarte
Chapter 7 Speciation Analytics in Aquatic Ecosystems ....................................................... 121
A. de Brauwere, Y. Gao, S. De Galan, W. Baeyens, M. Elskens, and M. Leermakers
Chapter 8 Immunochemical Analytical Methods for Monitoring the
Aquatic Environment ........................................................................................... 139
Javier Adrian, Fátima Fernández, Alejandro Muriano, Raquel Obregón,
Javier Ramón, Nuria Tort, and M.-Pilar Marco
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vi Contents
Chapter 9 Application of Biotests ......................................................................................... 189
Lidia Wolska, Agnieszka Kochanowska, and Jacek Namie´snik
Chapter 10 Total Parameters as a Tool for the Evaluation of the Load of Xenobiotics
in the Environment ............................................................................................... 223
Tadeusz Górecki and Heba Shaaban El-Hussieny Mohamed
Chapter 11 Determination of Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment ............................. 241
Bogdan Skwarzec
Chapter 12 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Inorganic Constituents ............ 259
Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro and Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
Chapter 13 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Organic and
Organometallic Analytes ..................................................................................... 303
Erwin Rosenberg
Chapter 14 Introducing the Concept of Sustainable Development into Analytical
Practice: Green Analytical Chemistry ................................................................. 353
Waldemar Wardencki and Jacek Namies´nik
Chapter 15 Chemometrics as a Tool for Treatment Processing of Multiparametric
Analytical Data Sets ............................................................................................. 369
Stefan Tsakovski and Vasil Simeonov
Chapter 16 Quality Assurance and Quality Control of Analytical Results ............................ 389
Ewa Bulska
Chapter 17 Analytical Procedures for Measuring Precipitation Quality Used
within the EMEP Monitoring Program ............................................................... 399
Wenche Aas
Chapter 18 Life Cycle Assessment of Analytical Protocols ................................................... 413
Helena Janik and Justyna Kucin´ska-Lipka
Chapter 19 Preparation of Samples for Analysis: The Key to Analytical Success ................ 431
Jacek Namie´snik and Piotr Szefer
Index .......................................................................................................................................... 475
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Preface
Even a cursory perusal of any analytical journal must lead one to the conclusion that trace and ultra-
trace analyses is a domain of chemical analysis that is gaining in importance. This conclusion is
corroborated not only by the feelings and opinions of analysts. According to the current IUPAC
defi nition of the term “trace component,” the limit from which we can talk about trace analysis is
the concentration of 100 ppm (100 μg g-1). Naturally, this limit is purely conventional and is not
constant. As recently as 30 years ago, “trace analysis” was understood to denote activities aiming
to determine components at a concentration level one order of magnitude higher, that is, below
1000 ppm, or 0.1%.
Even today, the determination of components at a concentration level of 100 ppm, including
samples with complex matrices, poses no major problems and is routine in many laboratories. This
is mainly due to the rapid development of instrumentation—the science of the construction and
use of monitoring and measuring devices. Hence, we can expect the defi nition of the term “trace
component” to change again soon.
There are three particular areas of science and technology that are spurring the development
of analytical methods and techniques employed in the determination of low and very low analyte
contents in samples of various kinds. They are
• Technologies of the production of high-purity materials; to date, the purity of the purest
man-made material is denoted by 11 N, which means that the sum total of all the impuri-
ties it contains does not exceed 10−9%, or 10 ppt.
• Genetic engineering and biotechnology.
• Environmental protection, including the chemistry of specifi c elements in the environment.
The determination of ever lower concentrations of analytes has brought into common use special
ways of expressing such concentrations.
Ecotoxicological considerations and the efforts undertaken to achieve an increasingly accurate
description of the state of the environment pose a great challenge to analytical chemists in terms
of the necessity of determining still lower concentrations of various analytes in samples having
complex and even nonhomogenous matrices. The task can be accomplished by following either of
two approaches:
• The use of more sensitive and selective, or even specifi c, detectors: This approach is exem-
plifi ed by the introduction of the photo-ionization detector (used in gas chromatography,
[GC]), which is more sensitive and more selective than the fl ame-ionization detector
hitherto commonly used in GC.
• The introduction to analytical procedures of an additional step: The isolation and/or enrich-
ment of analytes prior to their fi nal determination. This extra step enables the interference
caused by the components of a primary matrix (due to matrix simplifi cation) to be removed;
more importantly, however, it allows the analyte concentration to be increased to a level
above the detection limit of the method or the analytical instrument used. With this
approach, routine determinations of analytes at the ppb level and even the determination of
analytes at concentration levels down to a fraction of ppq become possible.
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viii Preface
The term “analytics” is being used more and more frequently in the analytical chemistry litera-
ture. This newly coined expression emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of methods of obtaining
information about material systems, that is, methods that exceed the strict defi nition of analytical
chemistry. Analytics, hitherto practiced mostly as analytical chemistry and, to a large extent identi-
fi ed with the work of chemists, has recently developed into a scientifi c discipline in its own right,
whose role far exceeds chemistry alone and covers almost all branches of science and technology.
Analytics has thus become an interdisciplinary science. This interdisciplinary nature is revealed
through a variety of phenomena utilized at the measurement stage. Analytics is a scientifi c disci-
pline embracing
• Various areas of chemistry (particularly physical chemistry and biochemistry)
• Physics
• Computer science
• Electronics, automation, and robotics
• Material science
• Biology
• Instrumentation
• Chemometrics.
This book consists of a set of chapters focused on the most important aspects of analytical
procedures for the determination of both inorganic and organic constituents in samples taken from
different parts of aquatic ecosystems. Special attention is paid to
• Handling of representative samples
• Samples of preservation techniques
• Extraction techniques
• Solvent-free sample preparation for analysis
• Application of biotests
• Green analytical chemistry—application of the concept of sustainability in analytical
labora tories
• Application of the life cycle assessment approach
• Quality control and quality assurance of analytical results
• Enhanced techniques of sample preparation
• Hyphenated analytical techniques
We hope that this book will be a useful source of information for a wide spectrum of readers.
Jacek Namies´nik and Piotr Szefer
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Editors
Jacek Namies´nik received his MSc (1972), PhD (1978), and DSc (1985)
degrees from the Gdan´sk University of Technology (GUT). He has been
employed at GUT since 1972. A full professor since 1998, he has also served
as vice dean of the Chemical Faculty (1990–1996) and dean of the Chemical
Faculty (1996–2000 and 2005–present). He has been the head of the
Department of Analytical Chemistry since 1995, as well as chairman of the
Committee of Analytical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences since
2007, and Fellow of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) since 1996. Dr. Namies´nik was director of the Center of Excellence
in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring during 2003–2005. Among his
scientifi c publications, there are seven books, over 300 papers, and more than 350 lectures and com-
munications published in conference proceedings. He is the recipient of various awards, including
Professor honoris causa from the University of Bucharest (Romania) (2000), the Jan Hevelius
Scientifi c Award of Gdan´sk City (2001), and the Prime Minister of Republic of Poland Award (2007).
He has seven patents to his name and his research interests include environmental analytics and
monitoring and trace analysis.
Piotr Szefer received his MSc (1972), PhD (1978), and DSc (1990) degrees
from the Medical University of Gdan´sk (MUG). He was awarded Full
Professorship in 2000. During 1990–2002, he was vice dean and dean of the
Faculty of Pharmacy, MUG. Since 2000, he has been the head of the
Department of Food Sciences, MUG. He has published approximately 200
papers, 17 book chapters, three books published by Elsevier and CRC Press\
Taylor & Francis, and approximately 300 symposial abstracts. He has been a
member of approximately 30 national and international scientifi c asso ciations
and organizations (including nine editorial boards, e.g., The Science of the
Total Environment), for e xample, the International Scientifi c Committee on
Oceanic Research (SCOR) and WG Marine Board—European Science Foundation. He has visited
14 countries as a visiting professor or research scientist. Dr. Szefer has reviewed approximately 600
manuscripts for more than 60 journals. He received several scientifi c awards, for example, one
from the Scientifi c Secretary of the Division VII of the Polish Academy of Sciences; nine awards
from the Minister of Health; and a joint award from the Ministry of Environmental Protection,
Natural Resources, and Forestry. His research is focused on food and marine chemistry, and
bioanalytics.
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