Analytical Evaluation of Nonlinear Distortion Effects on Multicarrier Signals

216 Pages·2015·3.153 MB·English

by  Theresa Araújo, Rui Dinis

Digital & Wireless Communications DA Analytical
r
ina
Due to their ability to support reliable high quality of service as well as spectral isújo
and power efficiency, multicarrier modulation systems have found increasing use
in modern communications services. However, one of the main drawbacks of these Evaluation of
A
systems is their vulnerability to nonlinear distortion effects. Analytical Evaluation n
a
of Nonlinear Distortion Effects on Multicarrier Signals details a unified approach
l
y
to well-known analytical results on memoryless nonlinearities that takes advantage
t
i Nonlinear Distortion
of the Gaussian behavior of multicarrier signals. c
a
l

Sharing new insights into the behavior of nonlinearly distorted multicarrier signals, E
v
the book begins with a review of the fundamental principles of multicarrier a
l Effects on
transmission and multicarrier-based systems. Next, it covers well-known results u
a
on nonlinear distortion of Gaussian signals and examines the accuracy of the use t
i
of Gaussian approximation for evaluating nonlinear effects. It also considers the o
n
performance of various multicarrier-based systems in the presence of different o Multicarrier Signals
types of nonlinear devices. f

N
o
• Describes general clipping and filtering techniques to reduce the envelope n
fluctuations of multicarrier signals li
n
e
• Analyzes quantization effects caused by the numerical accuracy required
a
in DFT computations r

D
• Discusses quantization requirements of analog-to-digital converters i
s
t
• Redefines loading techniques to take into account nonlinear distortion o
r
issues on adaptive multicarrier systems t
io Teresa Araújo
• Examines the impact of nonlinear signal processing techniques for n

reducing the envelope fluctuations of OFDMA signals E
f
f
• Presents performance results for all the discussed applications e Rui Dinis
c
t
The book covers the essential principles of multicarrier modulations, including s

o
OFDM modulations and other multicarrier schemes. It describes multicarrier
n
modulation systems that will be used in next-generation communications
M
systems and also provides new insight into the behavior of nonlinearly distorted
u
multicarrier signals. l
t
i
c
Illustrating the application of the nonlinear distortion analysis techniques presented, a
r
the book provides you with a wide range of analytical tools to assess the effects of r
i
e
nonlinearities on the performance of multicarrier-based schemes.
r

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Analytical
Evaluation of
Nonlinear Distortion
Effects on
Multicarrier Signals
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Analytical
Evaluation of
Nonlinear Distortion
Effects on
Multicarrier Signals
Teresa Araújo
Rui Dinis
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150320
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1595-3 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Book Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Multicarrier Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Orthogonal Multicarrier Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Transmitter Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Receiver Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Other Multicarrier Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 Discrete Multitone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1.1 Bandpass Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1.2 Baseband Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 23
2.3.2.1 Downlink Transmission . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.2.2 Uplink Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.3 Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access . . . 26
2.3.3.1 Downlink Transmission . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.3.2 Uplink Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.4 Software Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Characterization of the Transmitted Signals . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 Spectral Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1.1 Other Multicarrier Schemes . . . . . . . 35
2.4.2 Time Domain Characterization . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.2.1 Other Multicarrier Schemes . . . . . . . 37
v
vi (cid:4) Contents
2.4.3 Envelope Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 Nonlinear Distortion of Gaussian Signals . . . . . . . 43
3.1 Memoryless Nonlinearities Characterization . . . . . . 44
3.1.1 Memoryless Nonlinear Characteristics . . . . . . 45
3.1.2 Cartesian Memoryless Nonlinear Characteristics 47
3.1.3 Polar Memoryless Nonlinear Characteristics . . . 49
3.2 Memoryless Nonlinear Distortion of Gaussian Signals . 54
3.3 Cartesian Memoryless Nonlinearities with Gaussian In-
puts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Polar Memoryless Nonlinearities with Gaussian Inputs 61
4 Accuracy of the Gaussian Approximation for the Eval-
uation of Nonlinear Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Exact Characterization of Nonlinearly Distorted Multi-
carrier Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.1.1 Nonlinear Characteristic of Order 3 . . . . . . . 67
4.1.2 Nonlinear Characteristic of Order 5 . . . . . . . 72
4.1.3 Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2 Analytical Characterization of Nonlinearly Distorted
Multicarrier Signals Using the Gaussian Approximation 75
4.3 Accuracy of the Gaussian Approximation . . . . . . . 78
4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5 Nonlinear Effects in Specific Multicarrier Systems . . 87
5.1 Clipping and Filtering Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.1 Transmitter Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.2 Signal Characterization along the Signal Process-
ing Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.1.3 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1.4 Analytical BER Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.1.5 Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.1.6 Complementary Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2 Impact of Quantization Effects on Multicarrier Signals 110
5.2.1 Quantization Effects on Multicarrier Modulated
Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2.2 Statistical Characterization of the Transmitted
and Received Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.2.3 Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3 Impact of Quantization Effects on Software Radio Signals 119
5.3.1 ADC Quantization in Software Radio
Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Contents (cid:4) vii
5.3.2 Statistical Characterization of the Quantized Sig-
nals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.3 Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.4 Loading Techniques with Nonlinear Distortion Effects . 126
5.4.1 Nonlinear Signal Processing for Multicarrier Sig-
nals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4.2 Loading Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.4.2.1 Single Carrier Analysis . . . . . . . . . 130
5.4.2.2 Multicarrier Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.4.2.3 Waterfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.4.2.4 Leke–Cioffi Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.4.3 Loading with Nonlinear Distortion Effects . . . . 134
5.4.4 Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.5 Impact of Nonlinear Signal Processing on OFDMA Sig-
nals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.5.1 Nonlinear Effects on OFDMA Signals . . . . . . 139
5.5.2 Statistical Characterization of the Transmitted
Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.5.3 Signal-to-Interference Ratio Levels on the
Received Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.5.3.1 Multiple Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.5.3.2 Single User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.5.4 Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.5.4.1 Downlink Transmission . . . . . . . . . 145
5.5.4.2 Uplink Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
A Output Autocorrelation for Polar Memoryless Nonlin-
earities with Gaussian Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
B Analytical Results for Specific Nonlinearities . . . . . 161
B.1 Cartesian Memoryless Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . 161
B.2 Polar Memoryless Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
C Exact Characterization of a Polar Memoryless Nonlin-
earity with Characteristic g(R)=R5 . . . . . . . . . . . 173
D Approximated Symbol Error Rate for Cross QAM Con-
stellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

List of Abbreviations
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BA Block Assignment
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
BS Base Station
CAS Carrier Assignment Scheme
CIR Channel Impulse Response
CP Cyclic Prefix
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DMT Discrete Multitone
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
EGC Equal Gain Combining
ESNR Equivalent Signal-to-Noise plus Self-Interference Ratio
ix