Analytical Electrochemistry in Textiles

357 Pages·2005·4.046 MB·English

by  P. Westbroek, G. Priniotakis, Paul Kiekens

Analytical electrochemistry in textiles
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Analytical
electrochemistry
in textiles
P.Westbroek, G. Priniotakis and P. Kiekens
Cambridge England
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited in association with The Textile Institute
Woodhead Publishing Limited
Abington Hall,Abington
Cambridge CB1 6AH,England
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC,
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First published 2005,Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
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Contents
Author contact details ix
Preface xi
Part I Theoretical considerations 1
1 Fundamentals of electrochemistry 3
P. WESTBROEK
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 What is an electrochemical reaction? 4
1.3 Conventions for presentation of electrochemical data 8
1.4 Classification of electrochemical methods 9
1.5 Two-electrode setup 10
1.6 Three-electrode setup 13
1.7 Charge-transfer and transport phenomena 25
1.8 References 34
2 Electrochemical methods 37
P. WESTBROEK
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Potentiometry 37
2.3 Cyclic voltammetry 43
2.4 Impedance of electrochemical systems 50
2.5 Chronoamperometry 60
2.6 Other voltammetric methods 61
2.7 References 67
v
vi Contents
Part II Electrochemistry in textile finishing 71
3 Probes for pH measurement and simultaneous
cellulose removal and bleaching of textiles
with enzymes 73
P. WESTBROEK AND P. KIEKENS
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Ion-selective electrodes 73
3.3 Glass-membrane electrodes 75
3.4 Simultaneous cellulose removal and bleaching with
enzymes 81
3.5 References 90
4 Electrochemical behaviour of hydrogen peroxide oxidation:
kinetics and mechanisms 92
P. WESTBROEK AND P. KIEKENS
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Use of hydrogen peroxide in textile-bleaching processes 93
4.3 Determination methods of hydrogen peroxide 96
4.4 Voltammetric behaviour 97
4.5 Detection of high hydrogen peroxide concentrations
with amperometric method 98
4.6 Theoretical I–Erelationship for mechanism 1 112
4.7 Theoretical I–Erelationship for mechanism 2 120
4.8 The pseudo-limiting-current 123
4.9 Combination of rate equations of both mechanisms 126
4.10 References 130
5 Amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching
and washing processes 133
P. WESTBROEK AND P. KIEKENS
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Influence of temperature 133
5.3 Behaviour of the sensor electrode at the laboratory scale 135
5.4 Behaviour of the sensor in an industrial environment 144
5.5 Expanding the sensor system for processes occurring
at pH<10.5 152
5.6 References 160
6 Simultaneous detection of indigo and sodium
dithionite for control of dyeing processes 161
P. WESTBROEK AND P. KIEKENS
Contents vii
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Basic electrochemical reactions of dithionite and sulphite 162
6.3 Kinetic limitations in oxidation of dithionite and sulphite 168
6.4 Mechanism of the charge-transfer kinetics of dithionite
oxidation 174
6.5 Detection of sodium dithionite 183
6.6 Detection of indigo 184
6.7 Simultaneous detection of sodium dithionite,sulphite
and indigo at a wall-jet electrode 185
6.8 References 196
7 Advantages of electrocatalytic reactions in textile
applications: example – electrocatalytic oxidation of
sodium dithionite at a phthalocyanine and porphyrin
cobalt(II)-modified gold electrode 198
P. WESTBROEK
7.1 Introduction 198
7.2 Electrodeposition of Co(II)TSPc at gold electrodes 199
7.3 Analysis of the data 204
7.4 Electrocatalysis with modified gold electrodes towards
sodium dithionite 206
7.5 References 211
Part III Textile electrodes 213
8 Intelligent/smart materials and textiles: an overview 215
G. PRINIOTAKIS
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Smart materials 216
8.3 Intelligent/smart textiles 221
8.4 Electrotextiles 227
8.5 Intelligent clothing 236
8.6 References 239
9 Characterisation of electrochemical cell for textile
electrode studies and quality control 244
G. PRINIOTAKIS, P. WESTBROEK AND P. KIEKENS
9.1 Introduction 244
9.2 Characterisation of an electrochemical cell 244
9.3 Method for quality control of textile electrodes 254
viii Contents
9.4 Conclusion 273
9.5 References 273
10 Electroconductive textile electrodes for detection and
analysis of sweat and urine 274
P. WESTBROEK, G. PRINIOTAKIS AND P. KIEKENS
10.1 Introduction 274
10.2 Description of the cell configuration 276
10.3 Conditions for using yarn electrodes 277
10.4 Cell configuration with immobilised electrolyte solution 280
10.5 Experiments with artificial sweat and under real-time
conditions 280
10.6 References 284
Part IV Modified fibres and their applications 285
11 Chemical metallisation and galvanisation
as a method for development of electroconductive
polyacrylonitrile fibres 287
P. WESTBROEK AND P. KIEKENS
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Optimisation of process parameters in polyacrylonitrile
production for metallisation with nickel 288
11.3 Optimisation of electroconductive PAN-fibre production 295
11.4 References 307
12 Textile fibres used as electrode materials in
analytical applications 308
P. WESTBROEK
12.1 Introduction 308
12.2 A platinum-fibre electrode for detection of Cu(II) and
Cu(I) in non-aqueous solution 308
12.3 Determination of SO reactions as a function of pH and
2
its detection at modified carbon-fibre electrodes 317
12.4 Gold-fibre textile electrodes obtained through chemical
modification for the detection of Ce(IV) during
polymerisation reactions of bio-polymers 327
12.5 References 336
Index 341
Author contact details
Dr Philippe Westbroek Professor Paul Kiekens
Ghent University Ghent University
Department of Textiles Department of Textiles
Technologiepark 907 Technologiepark 907
B-9052 Ghent B-9052 Ghent
Belgium Belgium
Tel:[phone] Tel:[phone]
Fax:[phone] Fax:[phone]
E-mail: E-mail:[email protected]
[email protected]
Professor Georgios Priniotakis
Technological Education Institute
of Piraeus
Textile Engineering Department
Thivon & P.Ralli 250
GR-12244 Egaleo,Athens
Greece
Tel:[phone]
E-mail:[email protected]
ix