Analytic Philosophy and Phenomenology PDF
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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY AMERICAN UNNERSITY PUBLICATIONS IN PHILOSOPHY II ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY edited by HAROLD A. DURFEE Editors of the series : Barry L. Blose Harold A. Durfee David F. T. Rodier ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY edited by HAROLD A. DURFEE II MARTINUS NIJHOFF - THE HAGUE - 1976 To DORIS for being the center of my Lebenswelt © 1976 by Martinus Nijhofj; The Hague, Netherlands. All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form. ISBN-13: 978-90-247-1880-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1407-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-1407-6 SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE This is the second volume in the series of American University Publi- cations in Philosophy. It, like the first volume, moves significantly beyond what other books have done before it. The first volume's original- ity lay in its bringing together essays that explored important new directions in the explanation of behavior, language, and religion. The originality of the present volume lies in its collecting, for the first time in book form, essays at the interface between analytic philosophy and phenomenology. In this volume there are essays about a number of the most seminally influential philosophers among both the analysts and the phenomenologists. Barry L. Blose, for the editors of American University Publications in Philosophy EDITOR'S PREFACE Philosophy inevitably creates divisions and this anthology deals with what is perhaps the central division in twentieth century Western philo- sophy. The collection, originally the foundation for a seminar in com- parative philosophy which I offered at The American University in 1971 and 1974, was sufficiently suggestive to students of both traditions to lead me to initiate its publication. The future development of Western philosophy is far from clear, but I am convinced that it will inevitably involve a more open conversation between phenomenologists and analytic philosophers, between the current dominant orientations among both European and Anglo-Saxon philosophers. This volume of essays is offered as an attempt to stimulate that conversation. I am grateful to the authors and publishers who cooperated in allowing these essays to be published, to the publishers of these series for both their interest and efficiency, and to the students in seminars, whose active participation evidence what higher education is all about. Special thanks are due to the editors of the American University Publications in Philosophy for including this volume in their series; to Barry L. Blose, whose advice throughout this project was frequently solicited and graciously offered; to Peter A. Durfee, whose suggestions offered welcomed improvements in the design of this volume; to Madaline K. Shoemaker, whose patience at the typewriter never failed; and to my wife, whose constant help made it possible. R.A.D. The American University, 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS Series Editor's Preface V Editor's Preface VI INTRODUCTION 1 AN EARLY EVALUATION PHENOMENOLOGY by G. Ryle . 17 FOUNDATIONAL PHILOSOPHERS SENSE AND ESSENCE: FREGE AND HUSSERL by R. C. Solomon 31 HUSSERL AND/OR WITTGENSTEIN by J. M. Hems. 55 HUSSERL AND WITTGENSTEIN ON LANGUAGE by P. Ricreur 87 THE DOUBLE AWARENESS IN HEIDEGGER AND WITTGENSTEIN by I. Horgby 96 HEIDEGGER'S CRITICISM OF WITTGENSTEIN's CONCEPTION OF TRUTH by J. Morrison 125 MEANING AND LANGUAGE by S. A. Erickson . 147 AUSTIN AND PHENOMENOLOGY by H. A. Durfee 170 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS META-PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS SOME PARALLELS BETWEEN ANALYSIS AND PHENOMENOLOGY by D. Ihde 179 IS THERE A WORLD OF ORDINARY LANGUAGE? by J. Wild . 190 HARE, HUSSERL, AND PIllLOSOPIllC DISCOVERY by J. Compton . 208 PHENOMENOLOGY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS I by C. Taylor 217 PHENOMENOLOGY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS II by Sir A. J. Ayer 232 WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS OF EXPLICATION?: A BASIC PROBLEM IN LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS AND PHENOMENOLOGY by E. T. Gendlin 243 Notes on Contributors 268 Sources 269 Bibliography 271 Index of Names 275 INTRODUCTION Philosophy is a discipline of fundamental diversities and extremely divergent modes of thought some of which occupy center stage in Western intellectual development. This book deals with such a central division. For centuries significant differences have developed between the philo- sophical reflections of the Western European (mainly French and German) and those of the Anglo-Saxon countries (especially Britain, Australia, Canada, and the United States). These differences extend at least as far back in history as the major epistemological division between the early modern rationalism of Descartes and Leibnitz and the British empiricism of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. At certain periods there has been greater compatibility, as with the development of Hegelian Idealism in England and the United States or the development of Logical Empiricism in the Vienna Circle. In spite of such interesting exceptions, however, continental and Anglo-Saxon philosophers have frequently moved in different directions and have worked within different philosophical traditions, for example, the French tradition of Descartes and the Anglo-Saxon tradition of Hume. The essays in this volume do not deal with historical or nationalistic themes, but rather with a contemporary manifestation of the traditional Anglo-Saxon/continental dichotomy. During the twentieth century continental philosophers have been developing the philosophical position which has become known as phenomenology, while at the same time Anglo-Saxon philosophers have been working out a position which has come to be called Analytic Philosophy, or Linguistic Analysis. The essays which follow do not describe the nature and history of these movements in themselves, but attempt rather to investigate at some depth the relationships and relative merits of these two positions. It is dangerous to generalize about dominant philosophical tendencies on any continent or national scene, and alternative positions are usually 2 INTRODUCTION well represented. Nevertheless, certain tendencies do seem to capture primary attention. Marxism, as well as phenomenology, obviously plays a significant role on the European continent, but it too is frequently in dialogue with the phenomenological movement, as in its dialogue with Jean-Paul Sartre or Maurice Merleau-Ponty. It should also be noted that there are significant centers of analytic thought in Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries. More recently European philosophers have taken increased interest in linguistic analysis and philosophy of language, but even when this occurs, as in the continental concern with herme- neutics, it carries on its reflection in a unique manner quite distinguishable from the concern with language in Anglo-Saxon circles. It is also clear that non-analytic concerns are widely present in Anglo- Saxon countries. Pragmatic naturalism and the tradition of White- headian process philosophy are major interests on the American scene. Nevertheless, in recent years linguistic analysis seemed to hold the forefront of attention, although there also has been a growing interest in phenomenological proposals. While analytic concerns have dominated British philosophy, more recently a society with interest in phenomenology has been formed, and the discussions of that group in the British setting already have furthered significantly the dialogue with which this volume is concerned. It has been suggested that borderline or boundary situations may be the most fruitful position from which to view many intellectual phe- nomena. The essays which follow attempt to stand near such a boundary, although the authors may be patriots of either philosophical homeland. Both analytic and phenomenological positions, as one would expect, contain within themselves considerable diversity, yet they have been sufficiently established to allow both to look over their own boundaries. Consequently some philosophers are beginning to inquire as to the rela- tionships between these two traditions: the fundamental roots of the divisions between them, what they might have in common, and where the inevitable differences remain. These essays explore those very questions. Philosophy, although it may have its essential constants, participates itself in some way in the Heraclitian flux and seldom stands still. The present exercise in meta-philosophy as comparative philosophy will not necessarily bring about agreement, but one may be able to discover some common meeting ground, some frame of reference, some set of problems, some method or procedure which will make a genuine dialogue possible. By such comparisons one hopes to discover whatever rapprochement
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