analysis of the effects of typha grass infestation on the livelihood of the farmers living within

136 Pages·2016·1.19 MB·English

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF TYPHA GRASS INFESTATION ON THE
LIVELIHOOD OF THE FARMERS LIVING WITHIN HADEJIA-NGURU
CONSERVATION PROJECT

BY

Yarima MOHAMMED
(PhD/AGRIC/24504/ 2012-13)

A THESISSUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND
RURALSOCIOLOGY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY
ZARIA, KADUNA STATE
NIGERIA

JANUARY, 2016

i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesistitled ―Analysis of the Effect of Typha Grass
Infestation on the Livelihood of the Farmers Living within Hadejia-Nguru
Conservation Project” has been written by me and it is a record of my research work.
No part of this thesis has been presented in any previous application for another Degree
or Diploma in this or any other institution. All borrowed information has been duly
acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided.

_____________________________ _______________
Yarima MOHAMMED Date
Student

ii
CERTIFICATION
This thesis titled ‗Analysis of the Effect of Typha Grass Infestation on the
Livelihood of the Farmers Living within Hadejia-Nguru Conservation Project’, by
Yarima Mohammed meets the regulations governing the award of the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology inAhmadu Bello
University, Zaria, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary
presentation.

_____________________________ ________________
Prof. D. F. Omokore Date
Chairman,Supervisory Committee

_______________________________ __________________
Prof. (Mrs) S. J.Auta Date
Member, Supervisory Committee

_________________________________ ____________________.
Dr. A. A. Hassan Date
Member, Supervisory Committee

_________________________________ _____________________
Prof. Z.Abdulsalam Date
Head of Department

________________________________ _____________________
Prof. K. Bala Date
Dean, School of postgraduate Studies

iii
DEDICATION
This thesisis dedicated to my late wife (BintaGarba), my late father (Alh. Mohammed
Chiroma) and Hajiya Aisha Zubair.

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I glorify the exalted name of Almighty Allah (SWT),the cherisher and sustainer of the
universe, for His mercy, assistance and protection especially for seeing me through this
programme successfully. I say: ―ShukranJazeelanLakaYaa Rabbi.‖I specially wish to
express my deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to my supervisors, namely Prof. D.
F. Omokore, Prof. Mrs S.J.Autaand Dr. A. A. Hassan for their invaluable assistance,
close supervision, constructive criticisms, suggestions and pieces of advice that aided
the completion of this research work. May God bless you all and your families. My
appreciation also to Head of Department, Prof. Z. Abdulsalamfor his support and
encouragement. May Allah bless you and your family too.
I sincerely expressmy gratitude to Dr. M.A. Damisa, Dr. O. Yusuf and the entire staff
and students of the Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Faculty
of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
I also wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to Muhammad bashir,
Hashim, Tahir, Abdallah, Engr. Moh‘dKabir, Suleiman Madaki and Abdurrahman
Sanifor their advice, words of encouragement, prayers and support are highly
appreciated. May the Almighty Allah bless youall.
Finally, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon His noble prophet Muhammad
(SAW), his household, companion and those on their foot-paths till the day of
reckoning.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
TitlePage…………………………………………………………………….......i
Declaration………………………………………………………………………ii
Certification…………………………………………………………………...iii
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………iv
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………v
Table of contents……………………………………………................................vii
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………….x
List of Figures.........................................................................................................xi
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..xii

CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………….....1
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………......1
1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………………………1
1.2 Problem Statement…………………………………………………...........3
1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………7
1.4 Justification of the Study………………………………………….……….8
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study………………………………….………….…….9

CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………….….10
LITERATURE REVIEW.………………………..…………………………..……10
2.1 Origin and Distribution of TyphaGrass.………………………….……….10
2.2 Effect of TyphaGrass on FarmersLivelihood in Hadejia-Nguru…………15
2.3 Typha Grass Control Measure……………………………………………..19
2.4 Importance of Wetland to Rural Livelihood…..…………………………...21
2.5 Invasive Wetland by Plants…………………….…………………………25
vi
2.6 Concept of Livelihood…………….………………………………………26
2.6.1 Strategies of livelihood enhancement.…………………………….……...30
2.6.2 Determinant of livelihood……….……………………………….………..30
2.6.3 Household livelihood security concept……………………….………........31
2.6.4 Challenges of livelihood enhancement………………….………………....33
2.6.5 Relationship between agriculture, environment and rural livelihood……...34
2.6.6 Extent of land cover by typha grass………………….…………………….35

CHAPTER THREE ………………………..…………………………………........37
THEORETICAL FRAME-WORK ..........................................................................37
3.1 Structural functionalist theory (Evolutionary) ……………………………..37
3.2 Dependency theory …………………………….…………………………..39
3.3 Conceptual Model ……………………………..…………………………..40

CHAPTER FOUR………………………..……………………………………......42
METHODOLOGY...…………..…………………………………………………...42
4.1 Description of the Study Area …………………………………………..…42
4.2 Sampling Procedure…………………………………..…………………...45
4.3 Data Collection ……………………………………………………………46
4.4 Analytical Techniques ………………………………………..…………...47
4.5 Operationalization and Measurement of Variables………..………………50

CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………………......53
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION….………………………………………............53
5.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of theFarmers …………………………..53
5.1.1 Marital status of the farmers ………………………...….….……………...53
5.1.2 Age distribution of the farmers ………………...….….……………...........54
vii
5.1.3 Household size of the farmers ……..………….………………………….55
5.1. 4 Educational level of thefarmers…….……………..……………………..56
5.1. 5 Types of crop grown by the farmers …….……………..………………....58
5.1. 6 Amount of credit obtained by the farmers ……………..………………….59
5.1.7 Farm size of the farmers ……..………….………………………………..60
5.1.8 Membership of cooperative society of the farmers ……..….……………..61
5.1.9 Extension contact of the farmers …………….………………………..62
5.2 Livelihood Activities Engaged in by the Farmers…………………………63
5.3 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities…..……………………………..64
5.4 Extent of Land Cover by TyphaGrass….…………………………………83
5.5 Effect of TyphaGrass on Livelihood of the Farmers…….……………….85
5.6 Coping Strategies Employed Against TyphaGrass Invasion……………..102

CHAPTER SIX……………………………………….………………..…………104
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, & RECOMMENDATIONS…….………………104
6.1 Summary …………………………………………………………….……104
6.2 Conclusion..………………………………………………………….…...106
6.3 Contribution to knowledge ……………………………………………….106
6.4 Recommendations ………………………………………………………...107
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………108

viii
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Table 3.1 Population and Sample Size of Farmers…………………………46
Table 5.1 Marital Status of the Farmers……………………………………53
Table 5.2 Age Distribution of the Farmers…………………………………55
Table 5.3 Distribution of Farmers according to Household Size ….…….…56
Table 5.4 Educational Status of the Farmers…………………………….…57
Table 5.5 Distribution of Farmers according to crop grown…………….…58
Table 5.6 Distribution of Farmers according to credit obtained……………60
Table 5.7 Distribution of Farmers according to Farm Size…………………60
Table 5.8 Distribution of Farmers according to cooperative membership….61
Table 5.9 Distribution of Farmers according to Extension Contact………...62
Table 5.10 Farmers Perception based on their Livelihood Activities………...64
Table 5.11 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Crop
Farmers (output indicator)………………………………………...67
Table 5.12 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Crop
Farmers (income indicator)…………………………………….....69
Table 5.13 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Crop
Farmers (level of living indicator)……………………………......71
Table 5.14 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Fishery
Farmers (output indicator)……………………………………......73
Table 5.15 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Fishery
Farmers (income indicator)…………………………………….....75
Table 5.16 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Fishery
Farmers (level of living)……………………………………..…...74
Table 5.17 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Livestock
Farmers (output indicator)……………………………………..…79
Table 5.18 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Livestock
Farmers (output indicator)……………………………………..…81
Table 5.19 Factors Influencing Livelihood Activities of Livestock
Farmers (level of living indicator)…………………………..…....83
ix
Table 5.20 Effect of Typha grass on crop output of the farmer.……………85
Table 5.21 Effect of Typha grass on income of crop farmer.………….…...87
Table 5.22 Effect of Typha grass on livelihood of crop farmer.…………...89
Table 5.23 Effect of Typha grass on output of fish farmer.………….……..91
Table 5.24 Effect of Typha grass on income of fish farmer.………….…....93
Table 5.25 Effect of Typha grass on livelihood of fish farmer.…………...95
Table 5.26 Effect of Typha grass on output of livestockfarmer.………….97

Table 5.27 Effect of Typha grass on income of livestock farmer.…………99
Table 5.28 Effect of Typha grass on livelihood of livestock farmer.……..101
Table 5.29 Coping strategies employed by farmers against
Typha grass invasion………………………………………….103

x