Analysis and design of transimpedance amplifiers for optical receivers

573 Pages·2018·12.36 MB·English

by  Säckinger

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AnalysisandDesignofTransimpedance
AmplifiersforOpticalReceivers
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Analysis and Design of Transimpedance
Amplifiers for Optical Receivers
EduardSäckinger
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
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ToElizabethandMarianne
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vii
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 OpticalTransceivers 1
1.2 ModulationFormats 5
1.3 TransmissionModes 12
References 19
(cid:2) 2 OpticalFibers 23 (cid:2)
2.1 LossandBandwidth 23
2.2 Dispersion 26
2.3 Nonlinearities 32
2.4 PulseSpreadingduetoChromaticDispersion 35
2.5 Summary 38
Problems 39
References 40
3 Photodetectors 43
3.1 p–i–nPhotodetector 43
3.2 AvalanchePhotodetector 58
3.3 p–i–nDetectorwithOpticalPreamplifier 65
3.4 IntegratedPhotodetectors 77
3.5 DetectorsforPhase-ModulatedOpticalSignals 86
3.6 Summary 94
Problems 96
References 97
4 ReceiverFundamentals 107
4.1 ReceiverModel 107
4.2 NoiseandBit-ErrorRate 109
4.3 Signal-to-NoiseRatio 117
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4.4 Sensitivity 120
4.5 NoiseBandwidthsandPersonickIntegrals 135
4.6 OpticalSignal-to-NoiseRatio 139
4.7 PowerPenalty 148
4.8 IntersymbolInterferenceandBandwidth 153
4.9 FrequencyResponse 165
4.10 Summary 170
Problems 172
References 174
5 TransimpedanceAmplifierSpecifications 181
5.1 Transimpedance 181
5.2 InputOverloadCurrent 186
5.3 MaximumInputCurrentforLinearOperation 187
5.4 Bandwidth 188
5.5 PhaseLinearityandGroup-DelayVariation 189
5.6 TimingJitter 190
5.7 Input-ReferredNoiseCurrent 191
5.8 Crosstalk 197
5.9 ProductExamples 199
5.10 Summary 201
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Problems 202
References 202
6 BasicTransimpedanceAmplifierDesign 207
6.1 Low-andHigh-ImpedanceFront-Ends 207
6.2 Shunt-FeedbackTIA 210
6.3 NoiseAnalysis 230
6.4 NoiseOptimization 242
6.5 NoiseMatching 254
6.6 Summary 267
Problems 269
References 272
7 AdvancedTransimpedanceAmplifierDesignI 279
7.1 TIAwithPostAmplifier 279
7.2 TIAwithDifferentialInputsandOutputs 284
7.3 TIAwithDCInputCurrentControl 289
7.4 TIAwithAdaptiveTransimpedance 292
7.5 Common-BaseandCommon-GateTIAs 301
7.6 Regulated-CascodeTIA 312
7.7 TIAwithInductiveBroadbanding 320
7.8 Distributed-AmplifierTIA 325
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Contents ix
7.9 Summary 331
Problems 333
References 334
8 AdvancedTransimpedanceAmplifierDesignII 343
8.1 TIAwithNonresistiveFeedback 343
8.2 Current-ModeTIA 349
8.3 TIAwithBootstrappedPhotodetector 351
8.4 Burst-ModeTIA 352
8.5 AnalogReceiverTIA 360
8.6 Summary 364
Problems 365
References 365
9 TransimpedanceAmplifierCircuitExamples 373
9.1 BJT,HBT,andBiCMOSCircuits 373
9.2 CMOSCircuits 380
9.3 MESFETandHFETCircuits 387
9.4 Summary 389
References 392
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A CommunicationSignals 397
A.1 Non-Return-to-ZeroSignal 397
A.2 Return-to-ZeroSignal 401
A.3 PulseAmplitude-ModulatedSignal 403
A.4 AnalogTelevisionSignal 406
A.5 DigitalTelevisionSignal 408
References 411
B EyeDiagrams 413
References 420
C TimingJitter 421
C.1 DataJitter 421
C.2 ClockJitter 431
C.3 Jitter,PhaseNoise,andBit-ErrorRate 435
Problems 438
References 438
D Nonlinearity 441
D.1 GainCompression 442
D.2 HarmonicDistortions 443
D.3 IntermodulationDistortions 444
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D.4 CompositeDistortions 446
Problems 449
References 449
E AdaptiveEqualizers 451
E.1 FeedforwardandDecision-FeedbackEqualizers 452
E.2 AdaptationAlgorithms 456
E.3 HardwareImplementations 460
Problems 463
References 463
F Decision-PointControl 469
Problems 473
References 473
G ForwardErrorCorrection 475
Problems 481
References 481
H Second-OrderLow-PassTransferFunctions 483
(cid:2) References 495 (cid:2)
I AnswerstotheProblems 497
References 533
J Notation 537
K Symbols 539
L Acronyms 549
Index 557
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xi
Preface
Transimpedanceamplifiers(TIA)areusedatthefrontendofopticalreceivers.
Theycanalsobefoundatthefrontendofreadcircuitsforopticalstoragesys-
temsandlaserRADARsystemsfordistancemeasurement.ButTIAsarenot
limited only to optical applications; particle/radiation detector chips, vision
sensorchips,biologicalsensorchips,motionsensorsinmicroelectromechan-
icalsystems,andwidebandradioreceiversalsomakeuseofTIAs.
This broad range of applications is not surprising. The TIA is essentially a
sensitive and fast current measurement device: A weak current signal, typi-
cally originating from a sensor such as a photodetector, a particle/radiation
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detector,abiologicalsensorelectrode,aMEMSelectrostatictransducer,ora
radio receiver antenna, is amplified and converted into a voltage signal. The
term transimpedance derives from the older term transfer impedance, which
indicates that an input current at one port is producing an output voltage at
anotherport.
Thetermtransimpedanceamplifiermayevoketheimageofavoltageampli-
fierwithashunt-feedbackresistor.However,thisisjustoneparticularimple-
mentation.SeveralothertopologiesexistandnovelTIAcircuitsarestillbeing
invented today. Each circuit presents a different trade-off between sensitiv-
ity(noise),speed(bandwidth),power,area,andotherperformancemeasures.
Witheachapplicationhavingitsownsetofrequirements,differentapplications
benefitfromdifferentcircuitdesigns.
Book Outline. Chapters 1–4 provide background information on optical
communication.Thispartof thebook establishesusefulcontext for thelater
chaptersonTIAdesign.Readerswhoarenotinterestedinopticalapplications
mayskipovermuchofthismaterial.
Chapter 1 describes the components that make up conventional and digi-
talcoherentopticalreceiversandtransmitters.Commonmodulationformats
(NRZ,RZ,4-PAM,QPSK,SCM,etc.),modulationcodes,transmissionmodes
(continuousmodeandburstmode),andstandardsareintroduced.
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xii Preface
Chapter 2 is about the communication channel presented by the optical
fiber. Its loss, bandwidth, various forms of dispersion, and nonlinearities are
described. The compensation of loss and dispersion and the mitigation of
nonlineareffectsarediscussedbriefly.
Chapter3coverstherelevantphotodetectors.Theresponsivity,bandwidth,
andnoisepropertiesofthep–i–nphotodetector,theavalanchephotodetector
(APD), and the optically preamplified p–i–n detector are examined. Then,
integrated detectors including detectors for silicon photonics are covered.
Finally,detectorsforphase-modulatedsignals(QPSK,DQPSK,etc.)including
thecoherentdetectorwithphaseandpolarizationdiversityarediscussed.
Chapter4dealswiththereceiveratthesystemlevel.Ananalysisofhownoise
inthereceivercausesbiterrorsleadstothedefinitionofthereceiversensitivity
in unamplified transmission systems and the required optical signal-to-noise
ratio(requiredOSNR)inamplifiedtransmissionsystems.Powerpenaltiesdue
toreceiverimpairments,suchasintersymbolinterference(ISI),arediscussed.
Ananalysisofthetrade-offbetweennoiseandISIleadstorecommendations
forthereceiver’sbandwidthandfrequencyresponse.
TheremainderofthebookfocusesontheanalysisanddesignofTIAs.
Chapter 5 introduces the main specifications, such as the transimpedance,
bandwidth, phase linearity, group-delay variation, jitter, input-referred noise
(cid:2) current,maximuminputcurrent,andcrosstalk.Themeasurementofsomekey (cid:2)
parametersisdiscussed.Examplevaluesfromrecentproductdatasheetsare
giventoillustratethespecifications.
Chapter 6 covers the popular shunt-feedback TIA in detail. The tran-
simpedance, input impedance, and output impedance are calculated. The
stability and the transimpedance limit of single and multistage implementa-
tions are analyzed. The noise performance of TIAs with FET and BJT front
endsarederived.Ogawa’snoisefactoranditsrelationshiptoinducedgatenoise
isexplained.Then,thenoiseoptimizationofTIAswithFETandBJTfrontends
bymeansofdevicesizingandbiasingisdiscussed.Theimpactofconstraints,
suchasaconstantgain-bandwidthproduct,onthenoiseoptimumisexamined.
Finally,noisematchingnetworksandtheirpropertiesareinvestigated.
Chapter 7 extends the basic shunt-feedback TIA with practical features
such as a postamplifier, differential inputs and outputs, DC input current
control, and adaptive transimpedance. Then, the chapter turns to alternative
TIA topologies such as the common-base TIA, common-gate TIA, the
regulated-cascodeTIA,andthedistributed-amplifierTIA.
Chapter 8 examines additional TIA circuit techniques such as capacitive
feedback,opticalfeedback,activefeedback,currentmode,andphotodetector
bootstrapping. Then, the chapter turns to TIAs for specialized applica-
tions, namely burst-mode TIAs (e.g., for passive optical networks) and
analog-receiver TIAs (e.g., for hybrid fiber-coax networks or microwave
photoniclinks).
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