Analog Signal Processing

605 Pages·1999·6.578 MB·English

by  Ramon Pallas-Areny, John G. Webster

ANALOG SIGNAL
PROCESSING

___________________________________________________________

RAMÓN PALLÁS-ARENY
Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya

JOHN G. WEBSTER
University of Wisconsin-Madison

A Wiley-Interscience Publication

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Pallás-Areny, Ramón
Analog Signal Proocessing / Ramón Pallás-Areny and John G. Webster.
p. cm.
“A Wiley-Interscience Publication.”
Includes index.
ISBN 0-471-12528-8 (alk. paper)
1. Linear integrated circuits. 2. Signal processing.
I. Webster, John G., 1932- . II. Title.
TK7874.P345 1999
621.382'2–dc21 98-7295
CIP

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1 Signals and Sigual Processing 1
1.1 Signals,Information, Interference, and Noise,
1.2 SignalClassification, 2
1.2.1 Analog and Digital Signals, 2
1.2.2 Single-Ended,Differential, and Floating Signals, 4
1.2.3 Low-Impedance and High-Impedance Signals, 12
1.3 Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Ratio, 14
1.4 Functions in Analog Signal Processing, 16
1.4.1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions, 16
1.4.2 Amplitude and LevelMatching, 19
1.4.3 Impedance Adaptation. Buffering, 20
1.4.4 Domain Conversions, 23
1.4.5 Filtering, 25
1.4.6 Linearization, 26
1.4.7 Interference Compensation, 26
1.4.8 LevelComparison and Threshold Detection, 26
1.4.9 Terminal Matching, 27
1.5 Errors in Analog SignalProcessing, 29
1.5.1 Errors and Their Classification, 29
1.5.2 SystematicErrors, 32
1.5.3 Random Errors, 32
1.5.4 Static Errors, 33
1.5.5 Dynamic Errors, 33
1.6 Problems, 39
References, 40
2 Voltage Amplification 42'
2.1 Ideal VoltageAmplifiers, 42
2.2 Practical Voltage Amplifiers, 45
2.2.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Amplifiers, 45
2.2.2 Effectsof Finite Input Impedances, 47
2.2.3 Error Modeling for VoltageAmplifiers, 53
2.2.4 DifferentialVersusSingle-EndedAmplifiers, 57
v
vi CONTENTS
2.3 Building Blocks for Voltage Amplifiers, 57
2.3.1 Voltage-Feedback Operational Amplifiers, 57
2.3.2 Current-Feedback Operational Amplifiers, 65
2.3.3 Difference Amplifiers, 68
2.3.4 Instrumentation Amplifiers, 69
2.3.5 Switched Capacitors, 72
2.3.6 Voltage Buffers, 73
2.4 de Amplifiers, 74
2.4.1 Single-Ended de Amplifiers, 74
2.4.2 Differential-Input de Amplifiers, 87
2.4.3 Fully Differential de Amplifiers, 93
2.5 ac Amplifiers, 97
2.5.1 Single-Ended ac Amplifiers, 100
2.5.2 Differential-Input ac Amplifiers, 104
2.5.3 Fully Differential ac Amplifiers, 107
2.6 Composite Amplifiers, 109
2.6.1 Cascaded Amplifiers, 109
2.6.2 Feedback Composite Amplifiers, III
2.6.3 Paralleled Amplifiers, 113
2.7 Programmable-Gain Amplifiers, 113
2.8 Problems, 117
References, 121
3 Current-to-Voltage and Voltage-to-Current Conversion 122
3.1 Ideal Current-to-Voltgage Converters, 122
3.2 Practical Current-to-Voltage Converters, 124
3.2.1 Figures ofMerit of Fully Differential Current
.to-Voltage Converters, 124
3.2.2 Error Modeling for Current-to-Voltage Converters, 126
3.3 Building Blocks for Current-to-Voltage Converters, 128
3.3.1 Current Integrators, 128
3.3.2 Integrated Transimpedance Amplifiers, 130
3.4 Current-to-Voltage Converter Amplifiers, 130
3.4.1 Transimpedance Amplifiers, 130
3.4.2 Charge Amplifiers, 142
3.5 Ideal Voltage-to-Current Converters, 148
3.6 Practical Voltage-to-Current Converters, 150
3.6.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Voltage-to-Current
Converters, 150
3.6.2 Error Modeling for Voltage-to-Current Converters, 150
3.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers, 152
CONTENTS vii
3.8 Voltage-to-Current ConverterCircuits, 154
3.8.1 de Current Sources and Sinks, 154
3.8.2 Transconductance Amplifiers, 159
3.8.3 Voltage-to-(4 rnA to 20mA) Converters, 165
3.9 Other Components and Circuits for Processing Currents, 167
3.9.1 Current Mirrors, 167
3.9.2 Current Amplifiers, 168
3.9.3 Current Conveyors, 172
3.9.4 Bidirectional Current Sources, 173
3.10 Problems, 174
References, 179
4 Linear AnalogFunctions 181
4.1 Addition, 181
4.1.1 Single-Ended Voltage Addition, 181
4.1.2 Differential Voltage Addition, 187
4.1.3 Level Shifting, 190
4.2 Subtraction, 193
4.2.1 Single-Ended Voltage Subtraction, 193
4.2.2 Differential Voltage Subtraction, 194
4.3 Differentiation, 195
4.3.1 Single-Ended Differentiator, 196
4.3.2 Difference Differentiator, 201
4.4 Integration, 203
4.4.1 Single-Ended Integrator, 203
4.4.2 Difference Integrator, 210
4.5 Impedance Transformation and Conversion, 214
4.5.1 Negative Impedance Conversion, 214
4.5.2 Impedance Gyration, 219
4.5.3 Capacitance Multiplication, 222
4.6 Problems, 225
References, 228
5 aelde Signal Conversion 229
5.1 Description ofac Signals, 229
5.2 Signal Rectification, 231
5.2.1 Half-Wave Rectification, 231
5.2.2 Full-Wave Rectification: Absolute-Value Circuits, 234
5.3 Peak and Valley Detection, 245
5.3.1 Peak Detection, 245
• CONTENTS
5.3.2 ValleyDetection, 248
5.4 rms-to-dc Conversion, 249
5.4.1 Thermal rms-to-dc Conversion, 249
5.4.2 Direct Computation rms-to-dc Conversion, 251
5.4.3 Implicit Computation rms-to-dc Conversion, 253
5.5 Amplitude Demodulation, 255
5.5.1 Envelope Detection, 257
5.5.2 Coherent Demodulation, 259
5.6 Problems, 270
References, 273
6 Other NonUnearAnalog Functions 274
6.1 Voltage Comparison, 274
6.1.1 Voltage Comparators, 274
6.1.2 Schmitt Triggers, 285
6.1.3 Window Comparators, 287
6.2 Voltage Limiting (Clipping), 288
6.3 Logarithmic Amplifiers, 293
6.3.1 Transdiode Logarithmic Amplifiers, 296
6.3.2 Log Ratio Amplifiers, 301
6.4 Exponential (Antilog) Amplifiers, 302
6.5 Analog Multipliers, 304
6.5.1 Multiplier Error Specifications, 304
6.5.2 Transconductance Multipliers, 304
6.5.3 Log-Antilog Multiplier, 311
6.5.4 Additional Multiplier Circuits, 312
6.6 Analog Dividers, 315
6.6.1 Analog Division by Feedback, 315
6.6.2 Log-Antilog Dividers, 317
6.7 Problems, 318
References, 321
7 AnalogSignal Filtering 322
7.1 Introduction to Filtering and Filter Design, 322
7.1.1 Filter Specification, 322
7.1.2 Frequency Response, 326
7.1.3 Transformation Rules, 330
7.1.4 Normalization and Scaling Laws, 331
7.1.5 Transient Response, 331
7.1.6 Differential Filters, 333
7.1.7 Filter Sensitivity, 338
CONTENTS Ix
7.2 Components for Filter Implementation, 338
7.2.1 Passive Components, 339
7.2.2 Operational Amplifiers, 342
7.2.3 Switched Capacitors, 343
7.3 Low-Pass Filters, 345
7.3.1 RC Low-Pass Filters, 345
7.3.2 LC Low-Pass Filters, 347
7.3.3 Active Low-Pass Filters, 348
7.4 High-Pass Filters, 352
7.4.1 RC High-Pass Filters, 352
7.4.2 LC High-Pass Filters, 352
7.4.3 Active High-Pass Filters, 354
7.5 Bandpass Filters, 357
7.5.1 Passive Bandpass Filters, 357
7.5.2 Active Bandpass Filters, 359
7.6 Band-Reject (Notch) Filters, 361
7.6.1 Passive Band-Reject Filters, 361
7.6.2 Active Band-Reject Filters, 362
7.7 All-Pass Filters, 365
7.8 Nonlinear Analog Filters, 369
7.9 Input Filters and Circuit Protection, 372
7.9.1 Single-Ended Inputs, 372
7.9.2 Differential Inputs, 374
7.10 Problems, 376
References, 377
8 Analog Signal Switching, Multiplexing, and Sampling 379
8.1 Introduction to Signal Acquisition, 379
8.2 Analog Switches, 382
8.2.1 The Ideal Analog Switch, 382
8.2.2 Practical Analog Switches, 383
8.2.3 dc Model and Errors for Analog Switches, 385
8.2.4 ac Model and Errors for Analog Switches, 389
8.2.5 Switching and Control Models for Analog Switches, 393
8.3 Analog Multiplexers, 393
8.3.1 BasicStructure and Models, 393
8.3.2 dc Model and Errors for Analog Multiplexers, 396
8.3.3 ac Model and Errors for Analog Multiplexers, 400
8.3.4 Switching andControl Modelsfor Analog Multiplexers, 405
8.3.5 Input Channel Extension, 406
8.4 Crosspoint Switch Arrays, 411