Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals, Third Edition PDF
Preview Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals, Third Edition
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals Edited by Lindsay G. Ross and Barbara Ross © 2008 L.G. Ross and B. Ross, ISBN: 978-1-4051-4938-9 i BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals Third Edition Lindsay G. Ross BSc,PhD Barbara Ross BSc,PhD InstituteofAquaculture UniversityofStirling Stirling,Scotland WithBryonyRossBSc InstituteofOccupationalMedicine Edinburgh,Scotland iii BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 (cid:1)C 2008byL.G.RossandB.Ross BlackwellPublishingeditorialoffices: BlackwellPublishingLtd,9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK Tel:+44(0)1865776868 BlackwellPublishingProfessional,2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA Tel:+15152920140 BlackwellPublishingAsiaPtyLtd,550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia Tel:+61(0)383591011 TherightoftheAuthortobeidentifiedastheAuthorofthisWorkhasbeenassertedin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedas trademarks.Allbrandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,service marks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardto thesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengaged inrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceis required,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. Firstpublished2008byBlackwellPublishingLtd ISBN:978-1-4051-4938-9 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ross,LindsayG. Anaestheticandsedativetechniquesforaquaticanimals/LindsayG.Ross, BarbaraRoss.–3rded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-4938-9(hardback:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-4938-8(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Animalanesthesia. 2.Animalsedation. 3.Aquaticanimals–Physiology. I.Ross,Barbara,Ph.D. II.Title. SH156.9.R672008 636.089’796–dc22 2007039121 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary Setin10/13ptPalatinobyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedandboundinSingaporebyUtopiaPressPteLtd Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainable forestrypolicy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeand elementarychlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaper andcoverboardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards. ForfurtherinformationonBlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com/fish iv BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 Contents PrefacetotheThirdEdition pagexi AcknowledgementstotheThirdEdition xiii ListofContributors xv 1 Introduction 1 ‘Comfort’andanimalhusbandry 1 Handlingandmechanicaldamage 3 Pain 3 Summary 4 References 4 2 DefiningStressinAquaticAnimals 7 Introduction 7 Theadrenergicsystemandthe hypothalamic–pituitary–inter-renalaxis 7 Thegeneralisedstressresponse 10 Externalsignsofstress 10 Internalsignsofstress 12 Effectsonheartrate 12 Haematologicaleffects 13 Hormonaleffects 13 Acclimationtostressors 15 Stressreduction 17 Stressreductionduringanaesthesia 18 Stressinducedbyanaesthesia 18 Summary 20 References 20 3 PaininAquaticAnimals 23 Introduction 23 Definingpain 24 Nociception 25 BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 vi Contents Theneurologicalbasisofnociception 25 Thecentralnervoussystemandpainperception 26 Nociceptionandpainperceptioninaquaticinvertebrates 29 Nociception 29 Brainandcentralnervoussystemstructure 29 Nociceptortobrainpathways 30 Opioids 31 Highercentresandlearning 31 Nociceptionandpainperceptioninaquaticvertebrates 32 Nociception 32 Brainandcentralnervoussystemstructure 33 Nociceptortobrainpathways 33 Opioids 34 Highercentres,learningandcognition 35 Suspensionofnormalbehaviour 35 Summary 36 References 37 4 TheNatureofAnaesthesia,SedationandAnalgesia 41 Generalanaesthesiaandsedation 41 Localanaesthesia 42 Analgesia 43 Themechanismofanaesthesia 43 Thestagesofanaesthesia 45 Dose,exposuretimeandeffectachieved 47 Euthanasia 49 Summary 50 References 50 5 TheFeaturesofAnaestheticAgents 53 Introduction 53 Desirablefeaturesofananaestheticagent 53 Toxicityandmarginofsafety 54 Additives 56 Summary 56 References 56 6 AnaesthesiaandLegislation 57 Introduction 57 Safeoperatorpracticeforusersandsafestorageof drugsandchemicals 58 Foodchainsafety 59 Environmentalsafety 61 Animalwelfareandexperimentation 61 BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 Contents vii Safetylegislationconcerningelectricfishingandsimilar electricalapparatus 62 Summary 62 References 62 7 FactorsAffectingtheResponseofAquaticEctotherms toAnaesthesia 65 Introduction 65 Bioticfactors 65 Environmentalorabioticfactorsaffectingefficacy anaesthesia 67 Summary 67 References 67 8 AnaesthesiaofFish: I.InhalationAnaesthesia 69 Introduction 69 Waterqualitymaintenanceduringinhalationanaesthesia 70 Thebasicprocedure 71 Directapplicationtothegills 74 Artificiallyventilatedinhalationanaesthesia 75 Drugsusedforinhalationanaesthesia 78 Widelyuseddrugsforinhalationanaesthesia 78 MS222 78 Benzocaine 81 Cloveoil 84 (cid:1) AQUI-SR 87 Quinaldineandquinaldinesulphate 89 2-Phenoxyethanol 91 Metomidate 93 Etomidate 96 Lesswidelyuseddrugsforinhalationanaesthesia 98 4-Styrylpyridine 98 Barbiturates 100 Amylobarbitone 100 Quinalbarbitone 101 Pentothal 101 Chloralhydrate 103 Chlorbutanol 104 Chloroform 105 Diethylether 106 Lidocaine 107 Methylpentynol 108 Piscaine 109 Propanidid 110 Propoxate 111 BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 viii Contents Sodiumcyanide 112 Tertiaryamylalcohol(TAA) 113 Tertiarybutylalcohol(TBA) 114 Tribromoethanol(TBE) 114 Urethane 115 Inhalationanaesthesiausingplantextracts 116 Summary 116 References 117 9 AnaesthesiaofFish:II.InhalationAnaesthesiaUsingGases 127 Introduction 127 Carbondioxide 127 Carbondioxidefromsodiumbicarbonate 129 Fluorinatedhydrocarbons 131 Summary 133 References 133 10 AnaesthesiaofFish:III.ParenteralandOralAnaesthesia 137 Introduction 137 Routesforadministrationofdrugsbyinjection 137 Effectiveinjectableanaestheticdrugs 138 Widelyuseddrugsforinjectionanaesthesia 139 Alphaxolone–alphadolone(Saffan) 140 Ketamine(Vetalar) 143 Nembutal(sodiumpentobarbitone) 144 Propanidid(Epontol) 145 Lesswidelyuseddrugsforinjectionanaesthesia 146 Etorphine–acylpromazine(Immobilon) 146 Xylazine(Rompun) 147 Lignocaine(Xylocaine,Lidocaine) 147 Procaine(Novocaine) 147 Oralanaesthesia:chemicalsinfood 148 Additives–again 148 Summary 148 References 149 11 AnaesthesiaofFish:IV.Non-ChemicalMethods 151 Introduction 151 Hypothermia 151 Electroanaesthesia 153 Immobilisationusingdirectcurrent(d.c.) 154 Basicgalvonarcosisprocedure 155 Immobilisationusingalternatingcurrent(a.c.) 156 Basicmethodandprotocolforelectroanaesthesia 157 BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 Contents ix Constructionfeaturesforana.c.electroanaesthesiaunit 159 Timers 160 Relays 161 Switches 161 Warningdevices 161 Plugsandsockets 162 Case 162 Thephysiologicaleffectsofelectroanaesthesia 162 Analgesiaduringa.c.electroanaesthesia 163 Pulsedwhitenoise 163 Summary 164 References 164 12 AnaesthesiaofAquaticInvertebrates 167 Introduction 167 Anaesthesiaofmolluscs 167 Generaltechniques 167 Bivalves 168 Gastropods 169 Cephalopods 170 Anaesthesiaofcrustaceans 171 Generaltechniques 171 Branchiopods 172 Stomatopods 173 Amphipods 173 Decapods 173 Summary 176 References 176 13 AnaesthesiaofAmphibiansandReptiles 179 Introduction 179 Amphibians 179 Generalprecautions 179 Tropicalanaesthesia 181 Gaseousinhalationanaesthesia 181 Immersiontechniques 181 Injectabledrugs 182 Hypothermia 183 Reptiles 184 Crocodilians 184 Generalprecautions 184 Localanaesthesia 184 Oraladministration 185 Injectabledrugs 185 BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 x Contents Turtles 186 Generalprecautions 186 Oralorrectalanaesthesia 186 Gaseousinhalationanaesthesia 186 Injectionanaesthesia 187 Hypothermia 188 Summary 188 References 189 14 TransportationandAnaesthesia 191 Introduction 191 Thephysicalandbiologicalproblemsintransportation 192 Handling 192 Mechanicalstress 193 Temperature 193 Dissolvedoxygen 194 Salinity 194 Carbondioxide 195 Ammonia 195 Suspendedsolids 195 Basictechniquesfortransportation 196 Conditioning 196 Containers 196 Controllingtheenvironment 198 Sedation 199 Sedationofmolluscs 199 Sedationofcrustaceans 200 Sedationoffish 201 Summary 204 References 205 15 ConcludingRemarks 209 GlossaryofTechnicalTerms 211 SpeciesIndex 215 SubjectIndex 218 BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0 Preface to the Third Edition In1983wewereinvitedtoameetingoftheUKVeterinaryAnaesthetists AssociationinEdinburghtotalktoanexperiencedgroupofresearchers about fishanaesthesia, aminor andunusual topic formostveterinary anaesthetists.Bothofushadbeeninvolvedforsometimewithfishand invertebrate research requiring a range of anaesthetic approaches and hadbeenteachingfishanaesthesiainvariouscoursesintheInstituteof Aquaculture for some years. From this, we published the first edition of this handbook as one of a series of handbooks from the Institute of Aquaculture. This little handbook was very popular and sold out quickly.Fifteenyearslaterwepreparedamuchexpandedsecondedi- tion,thistimepublishedbyBlackwellScience.About1,000newarticles or monographs were reviewed during its preparation and the content wassubstantiallyexpandedandupdated. This third edition of the book continues to be the only substantial referenceworkonanaesthesiaoffish.Wehaveagainfocusedonfish,but havealsoincludedsectionsonotherculturedaquaticanimals.Thebook isnotintendedtobeanexhaustivereviewofaquaticanimalanaesthesia; rather,weattempttoprovideareviewofmethodsandguidelinesonthe topicaimedataquaculturistsandresearchers.Itscontentsareselective and are aimed at providing an essentially practical reference for the laboratory or the farm. The references provided are also selective, but should be more than sufficient to provide the reader with a starting pointintheextensiveliteratureforfollowingupanytopic. Inpreparingthisneweditionwehave,again,reviewedthecontentof almost1,000newrelevantpublications.Thebookhasbeensubstantially restructured and a new chapter on pain in fishes is included, written byBryonyRoss.Dataonchemicalstructures,nomenclatureandtrade namesofdrugshavebeengreatlyexpandedashastherangeofinforma- tivetables.Intheeightyearssincethepublicationofthesecondedition therehasbeensteadyprogressinthefield.Noteworthyadvanceshave beenintheuseofcloveoilandAQUI-S.Asmallbutpromisingbegin- ninghasalsobeenmadeonuseofcombinedanaesthesiaandanalgesia.
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