ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF DILUTE WASTEWATERS A THESIS SUBMITTED PDF
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ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF DILUTE WASTEWATERS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EMEL ENER ALPTEKİN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING APRIL 2008 Approval of the thesis: ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF DILUTE WASTEWATERS submitted by EMEL ENER ALPTEKİN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer Head of Department, Environmental Engineering Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer Supervisor, Environmental Engineering Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Celal F. Gökçay Environmental Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer Environmental Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ülkü Yetiş Environmental Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Filiz B. Dilek Environmental Engineering Dept., METU Prof.Dr. Ayşenur Uğurlu Environmental Engineering Dept., Hacettepe University Date: April 15, 2008 ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: EMEL ENER ALPTEKİN Signature : iii ABSTRACT ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF DILUTE WASTEWATERS Alptekin, Emel Ener Doktora, Department of Environmental Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer April 2008, 267 pages In this study, domestic wastewater was used to determine the anaerobic treatment performances of a dilute wastewater in one-phase upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system and two-phase upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) and UASB system. The acidification performances of domestic wastewater were compared in UAF and UASB reactors. The degree of acidification is higher in UAF reactor (31%) compared to UASB reactor (18%) at 2 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewaters. The effluent total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) concentration was higher in UAF reactor than that the UASB reactor at 2 h HRT. The total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) removal is 40% in winter and 53% in summer in UAF reactor at 2 h HRT. The tCOD removals in two-phase UAF and UASB system and one-phase UASB system were 83% and 63%, iv respectively, in 4 h HRT. The conversion rate of COD removed to methane were between 0.005 and 0.067 Nm3 methane/kg COD removed and between 0.158 and 0.233 Nm3 methane/kg COD removed in the UAF and the UASB reactor of the two-phase system, respectively. The conversion rate of COD removed to methane varied between 0.029 and 0.199 Nm3 methane/kg COD removed in one-phase UASB reactor. The results of this study showed that the two-phase reactor system consisting from UAF and UASB reactors provide a good removal of soluble organics variations in acidification reactor and better methane productions in UASB reactor at temperatures 20°C and 35°C through the treatment of domestic wastewater at a HRT of 4 hours. Key words: Domestic Wastewater, Two Phase, One Phase, Upflow Anaerobic Filter (UAF), Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB). v ÖZ SEYRELTİK ATIKSULARIN ANAEROBİK ARITIMI Alptekin, Emel Ener Doktora, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer Nisan 2008, 267 sayfa Bu çalışmada, seyreltik atıksuların anaerobik yöntemlerle tek fazlı yukarı akışlı çamur yatak (YAÇY) sistemi ve iki fazlı yukarı akışlı anaerobik filtre (YAF) ve YAÇY sistemi ile anaerobik arıtım verimlerinin belirlenmesinde evsel atıksu kullanılmıştır. Evsel atıksu asidifikasyon performansları YAÇY ve YAF reaktörlerinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Evsel atıksuyun anaerobik arıtımında, iki saatlik hidrolik bekleme süresinde (HBS) asidifikasyon derecesi YAF reaktöründe (%31), YAÇY reaktörüne (%18) göre daha fazladır. Çıkış suyundaki uçucu yağ asidi (UYA) konsantrasyonu iki saatlik HBS’de YAF reaktöründe YAÇY reaktörüne göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Toplam kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (tKOİ) giderimi iki saatlik HBS’de YAF reaktöründe kış ayı için %40 ve yaz ayı için %53 oranında bulunmuştur. Dört saatlik HBS’de, iki fazlı YAF ve YAÇY vi sisteminde ve tek fazlı YAÇY sisteminde tKOİ giderimleri sırası ile %83 ve %63 oranlarında bulunmuştur. KOİ gideriminin metana dönüşüm oranı ardışık iki-fazlı reaktörün YAF reaktöründe ve iki fazlı sistemin ikinci fazı YAÇY reaktöründe sırasıyla 0.005 ve 0.067 Nm3 metan/kg KOİ giderim ve 0.158 ve 0,233 Nm3 CH /kg KOİ giderim aralıklarındadır. Tek-fazlı reaktörde, KOİ gideriminin 4 metana dönüşüm oranı 0.029 ve 0.199 Nm3 metan/kg KOİ giderim aralığında değişim göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, 4 saatlik HBS’de, 20ºC ve 35ºC sıcaklıklarda, evsel atıksu arıtımında, YAF ve YAÇY reaktörlerinden oluşan iki- fazlı reaktör sisteminin asidifikasyon reaktöründe etkili çözünmüş organik madde değişimi ve YAÇY reaktöründe de daha iyi miktarlarda metan verimleri sağlandığını göstermiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Evsel Atıksu, İki Fazlı, Tek Fazlı, Yukarı Akışlı Anaerobik Filtre (YAF), Yukarı Akışlı Anaerobik Çamur Yatağı (YAÇY) vii To my mother, father and to the memory of Prof.Dr. Kriton Curi… viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof.Dr. Göksel N. Demirer for his guidance, recommendations and support throughout this research and preparation of this thesis. I would like to acknowledge the Supervising Committee Members, Prof.Dr. Celal F. Gökçay and Prof.Dr. Ayşenur Uğurlu for their view of the study and valuable recommendations. I am also grateful to the Examining Committee Members, Prof.Dr. Ülkü Yetiş and Prof.Dr. Filiz B.Dilek for their valuable suggestions and contributions. My special thanks go to Gülşen Erdem and Ayça Elgin for their endless support and being by my side all the time in spite of the long distance. I am thankful to Aynur Yıldırım, Mehmet Ali Uslu and Deniz Yılmaz for their help and support throughout my research. I am also thankful to Nuray Ateş, Tuba Hande Ergüder, Seçil Türkmenoğlu, Niğmet Uzal, Emrah Alkaya, Okan Tarık Komesli, Nergiz Oktaç, Burcu Hacıoğlu, Onur Güven Apul, Eylem Doğan, Vedat Yılmaz and Hakan Moral for their supports. I would also like to thank Mr. Kemal Demirtaş for his excellent assistance in the lab. ix Finally, I am grateful to my family for their endless patience, encouragement, support and confidence in me and for making my life easy all the time. x
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