Anaerobic Reactors PDF
Preview Anaerobic Reactors
Anaerobic Reactors BiologicalWastewaterTreatmentSeries TheBiologicalWastewaterTreatmentseriesisbasedonthebookBiological WastewaterTreatmentinWarmClimateRegionsandonahighlyacclaimedsetof bestsellingtextbooks.Thisinternationalversioniscomprisedbysixtextbooks givingastate-of-the-artpresentationofthescienceandtechnologyofbiological wastewatertreatment. TitlesintheBiologicalWastewaterTreatmentseriesare: Volume1:WastewaterCharacteristics,TreatmentandDisposal Volume2:BasicPrinciplesofWastewaterTreatment Volume3:WasteStabilisationPonds Volume4:AnaerobicReactors Volume5:ActivatedSludgeandAerobicBiofilmReactors Volume6:SludgeTreatmentandDisposal Biological Wastewater Treatment Series VOLUME FOUR Anaerobic Reactors Carlos Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo DepartmentofSanitaryandEnvironmentalEngineering FederalUniversityofMinasGerais,Brazil PublishedbyIWAPublishing,AllianceHouse,12CaxtonStreet,LondonSW1H0QS,UK Telephone:+44(0)2076545500;Fax:+44(0)2076545555;Email:[email protected] Website:www.iwapublishing.com Firstpublished2007 (cid:1)C 2007IWAPublishing Copy-editedandtypesetbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedbyLightningSource Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,as permittedundertheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct(1998),nopartofthispublicationmay bereproduced,storedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissionin writingofthepublisher,or,inthecaseofphotographicreproduction,inaccordancewiththetermsof licencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsof licensesissuedbytheappropriatereproductionrightsorganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiries concerningreproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoIWAPublishingatthe addressprintedabove. Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressedorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyofthe informationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforerrorsor omissionsthatmaybemade. Disclaimer TheinformationprovidedandtheopinionsgiveninthispublicationarenotnecessarilythoseofIWA oroftheeditors,andshouldnotbeacteduponwithoutindependentconsiderationandprofessional advice.IWAandtheeditorswillnotacceptresponsibilityforanylossordamagesufferedbyany personactingorrefrainingfromactinguponanymaterialcontainedinthispublication. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData ACIPcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:1843391643 ISBN13:9781843391647 Contents Preface vii Theauthor xi 1 Introductiontoanaerobictreatment 1 1.1 Applicabilityofanaerobicsystems 1 1.2 Positiveaspects 2 2 Principlesofanaerobicdigestion 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Microbiologyofanaerobicdigestion 6 2.3 Biochemistryofanaerobicdigestion 9 2.4 Environmentalrequirements 23 3 Biomassinanaerobicsystems 39 3.1 Preliminaries 39 3.2 Biomassretentioninanaerobicsystems 39 3.3 Evaluationofthemicrobialmass 42 3.4 Evaluationofthemicrobialactivity 44 4 Anaerobictreatmentsystems 51 4.1 Preliminaries 51 4.2 Conventionalsystems 52 4.3 High-ratesystems 58 4.4 Combinedtreatmentsystems 68 5 Designofanaerobicreactors 70 5.1 Anaerobicfilters 70 5.2 Upflowanaerobicsludgeblanketreactors 82 v vi Contents 6 Operationalcontrolofanaerobicreactors 116 6.1 Importanceofoperationalcontrol 116 6.2 Operationalcontrolofthetreatmentsystem 119 6.3 Start-upofanaerobicreactors 133 6.4 Operationaltroubleshooting 141 7 Post-treatmentofeffluentsfromanaerobicreactors 147 7.1 Applicabilityandlimitationsoftheanaerobictechnology 147 7.2 Mainalternativesforthepost-treatmentofeffluentsfrom anaerobicreactors 152 References 169 Preface The present series of books has been produced based on the book “Biological wastewatertreatmentinwarmclimateregions”,writtenbythesameauthorsand also published by IWA Publishing. The main idea behind this series is the sub- division of the original book into smaller books, which could be more easily purchasedandused. Theimplementationofwastewatertreatmentplantshasbeensofarachallenge formostcountries.Economicalresources,politicalwill,institutionalstrengthand cultural background are important elements defining the trajectory of pollution control in many countries. Technological aspects are sometimes mentioned as being one of the reasons hindering further developments. However, as shown in this series of books, the vast array of available processes for the treatment of wastewater should be seen as an incentive, allowing the selection of the most appropriate solution in technical and economical terms for each community or catchmentarea.Foralmostallcombinationsofrequirementsintermsofeffluent quality,landavailability,constructionandrunningcosts,mechanisationleveland operationalsimplicitytherewillbeoneormoresuitabletreatmentprocesses. Biologicalwastewatertreatmentisverymuchinfluencedbyclimate.Tempera- tureplaysadecisiveroleinsometreatmentprocesses,especiallythenatural-based and non-mechanised ones. Warm temperatures decrease land requirements, en- hanceconversionprocesses,increaseremovalefficienciesandmaketheutilisation of some treatment processes feasible. Some treatment processes, such as anaer- obic reactors, may be utilised for diluted wastewater, such as domestic sewage, onlyinwarmclimateareas.Otherprocesses,suchasstabilisationponds,maybe appliedinlowertemperatureregions,butoccupyingmuchlargerareasandbeing subjected to a decrease in performance during winter. Other processes, such as activatedsludgeandaerobicbiofilmreactors,arelessdependentontemperature, vii viii Preface as a result of the higher technological input and mechanisation level. The main purposeofthisseriesofbooksistopresentthetechnologiesforurbanwastewater treatmentasappliedtothespecificconditionofwarmtemperature,withtherelated implicationsintermsofdesignandoperation.Thereisnostrictdefinitionforthe rangeoftemperaturesthatfallintothiscategory,sincethebooksalwayspresent howtocorrectparameters,ratesandcoefficientsfordifferenttemperatures.Inthis sense,subtropicalandeventemperateclimatearealsoindirectlycovered,although mostofthefocusliesonthetropicalclimate. Another important point is that most warm climate regions are situated in developing countries. Therefore, the books cast a special view on the reality of thesecountries,inwhichsimple,economicalandsustainablesolutionsarestrongly demanded.Alltechnologiespresentedinthebooksmaybeappliedindeveloping countries,butofcoursetheyimplydifferentrequirementsintermsofenergy,equip- mentandoperationalskills.Wheneverpossible,simplesolutions,approachesand technologiesarepresentedandrecommended. Consideringthedifficultyincoveringalldifferentalternativesforwastewater collection, the books concentrate on off-site solutions, implying collection and transportation of the wastewater to treatment plants. No off-site solutions, such aslatrinesandseptictanksareanalysed.Also,strongerfocusisgiventoseparate sewerage systems, although the basic concepts are still applicable to combined and mixed systems, especially under dry weather conditions. Furthermore, em- phasis is given to urban wastewater, that is, mainly domestic sewage plus some additional small contribution from non-domestic sources, such as industries. Hence,thebooksarenotdirectedspecificallytoindustrialwastewatertreatment, giventhespecificitiesofthistypeofeffluent.Anotherspecificviewofthebooks is that they detail biological treatment processes. No physical-chemical wastew- atertreatmentprocessesarecovered,althoughsomephysicaloperations,suchas sedimentationandaeration,aredealtwithsincetheyareanintegralpartofsome biologicaltreatmentprocesses. The books’ proposal is to present in a balanced way theory and practice of wastewater treatment, so that a conscious selection, design and operation of the wastewater treatment process may be practised. Theory is considered essential fortheunderstandingoftheworkingprinciplesofwastewatertreatment.Practice isassociatedtothedirectapplicationoftheconceptsforconception,designand operation.Inordertoensurethepracticalanddidacticviewoftheseries,371illus- trations,322summarytablesand117examplesareincluded.Allmajorwastewater treatmentprocessesarecoveredbyfullandinterlinkeddesignexampleswhichare builtupthroughouttheseriesandthebooks,fromthedeterminationofthewaste- watercharacteristics,theimpactofthedischargeintoriversandlakes,thedesign ofseveralwastewatertreatmentprocessesandthedesignofthesludgetreatment anddisposalunits. The series is comprised by the following books, namely: (1) Wastewater characteristics,treatmentanddisposal;(2)Basicprinciplesofwastewatertreat- ment;(3)Wastestabilisationponds;(4)Anaerobicreactors;(5)Activatedsludge andaerobicbiofilmreactors;(6)Sludgetreatmentanddisposal. Preface ix Volume 1 (Wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal) presents an integrated view of water quality and wastewater treatment, analysing waste- water characteristics (flow and major constituents), the impact of the discharge into receiving water bodies and a general overview of wastewater treatment and sludgetreatmentanddisposal.Volume1ismoreintroductory,andmaybeusedas teachingmaterialforundergraduatecoursesinCivilEngineering,Environmental Engineering,EnvironmentalSciencesandrelatedcourses. Volume2(Basicprinciplesofwastewatertreatment)isalsointroductory,but at a higher level of detailing. The core of this book is the unit operations and processesassociatedwithbiologicalwastewatertreatment.Themajortopicscov- ered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment; reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics; conversion of organic and inorganic matter; sedimenta- tion; aeration. Volume 2 may be used as part of postgraduate courses in Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sciences and related courses, either as part of disciplines on wastewater treatment or unit operations andprocesses. Volumes3to5arethecentralpartoftheseries,beingstructuredaccordingto the major wastewater treatment processes (waste stabilisation ponds, anaerobic reactors,activatedsludgeandaerobicbiofilmreactors).Ineachvolume,allmajor processtechnologiesandvariantsarefullycovered,includingmainconcepts,work- ing principles, expected removal efficiencies, design criteria, design examples, constructionaspectsandoperationalguidelines.SimilarlytoVolume2,volumes 3 to 5 can be used in postgraduate courses in Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering,EnvironmentalSciencesandrelatedcourses. Volume 6 (Sludge treatment and disposal) covers in detail sludge charac- teristics, production, treatment (thickening, dewatering, stabilisation, pathogens removal) and disposal (land application for agricultural purposes, sanitary land- fills,landfarmingandothermethods).Environmentalandpublichealthissuesare fullydescribed.Possibleacademicusesforthispartaresameasthosefromvolumes 3to5. Besides being used as textbooks at academic institutions, it is believed that the series may be an important reference for practising professionals, such as engineers,biologists,chemistsandenvironmentalscientists,actinginconsulting companies,waterauthoritiesandenvironmentalagencies. Thepresentseriesisbasedonaconsolidated,integratedandupdatedversionofa seriesofsixbookswrittenbytheauthorsinBrazil,coveringthetopicspresentedin thecurrentbook,withthesameconcernfordidacticapproachandbalancebetween theoryandpractice.ThelargesuccessoftheBrazilianbooks,usedatmostgraduate andpost-graduatecoursesatBrazilianuniversities,besidesconsultingcompanies andwaterandenvironmentalagencies,wasthedrivingforceforthepreparation ofthisinternationalversion. Inthisversion,thebooksaimatpresentingconsolidatedtechnologybasedon worldwideexperienceavailableattheinternationalliterature.However,itshould berecognisedthatasignificantinputcomesfromtheBrazilianexperience,consid- eringthebackgroundandworkingpracticeofallauthors.Brazilisalargecountry x Preface with many geographical, climatic, economical, social and cultural contrasts, reflecting well the reality encountered in many countries in the world. Besides, itshouldbementionedthatBraziliscurrentlyoneoftheleadingcountriesinthe worldontheapplicationofanaerobictechnologytodomesticsewagetreatment, andinthepost-treatmentofanaerobiceffluents.Regardingthispoint,theauthors would like to show their recognition for the Brazilian Research Programme on Basic Sanitation (PROSAB), which, through several years of intensive, applied, cooperative research has led to the consolidation of anaerobic treatment and aerobic/anaerobicpost-treatment,whicharecurrentlywidelyappliedinfull-scale plantsinBrazil.ConsolidatedresultsachievedbyPROSABareincludedinvarious partsofthebook,representinginvaluableandupdatedinformationapplicableto warmclimateregions. Volumes1to5werewrittenbythetwomainauthors.Volume6countedwiththe invaluable participation of Cleverson Vitorio Andreoli and Fernando Fernandes, who acted as editors, and of several specialists, who acted as chapter authors: Aderlene Ineˆs de Lara, Deize Dias Lopes, Dione Mari Morita, Eduardo Sabino Pegorini, Hilton Fel´ıcio dos Santos, Marcelo Antonio Teixeira Pinto, Maur´ıcio Luduvice, Ricardo Franci Gonc¸alves, Sandra Ma´rcia Cesa´rio Pereira da Silva, VaneteThomazSoccol. Many colleagues, students and professionals contributed with useful sugges- tions, reviews and incentives for the Brazilian books that were the seed for this internationalversion.Itwouldbeimpossibletolistallofthemhere,butourheart- feltappreciationisacknowledged. The authors would like to express their recognition for the support provided by the Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering at the Federal UniversityofMinasGerais,Brazil,atwhichthetwoauthorswork.Thedepartment providedinstitutionalandfinancialsupportforthisinternationalversion,whichis in line with the university’s view of expanding and disseminating knowledge to society. Finally,theauthorswouldliketoshowtheirappreciationtoIWAPublishing,for theirincentiveandpatienceinfollowingthedevelopmentofthisseriesthroughout theyearsofhardwork. MarcosvonSperling CarlosAugustodeLemosChernicharo December2006
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