Anaerobic infections in humans

879 Pages·1989·17.65 MB·English

by  Sydney M Finegold

Anaerobic Infections in Humans
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Anaerobic
Infections in Humans
Edited by
Sydney M. Finegold
Veterans Administration
Wadsworth Medical Center and
UCLA School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California
W. Lance George
Veterans Administration
Wadsworth Medical Center and
UCLA School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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COPYRIGHT © 1989 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anaerobic infections in humans.
1. Anaerobic infections—Pathogenesis. I. Finegold,
Sydney M., Date. II. George, W. Lance.
[DNLM: 1. Bacteria, Anaerobic. 2. Bacterial
Infections. WC 200 A5323]
QR201.A57A53 1989 616'.014 88-26289
ISBN 0-12-256745-5 (alk. paper)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
90 91 92 93 94 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Contents
Contributors xvii
Preface xxiii
1. History 1
A. Trevor Willis
I. Introduction 1
II. Infections due to Clostridia 3
III. Nonclostridial Anaerobic Infections 15
References 18
2. Classification and Taxonomy of Anaerobes 23
Sydney M. Finegold
I. What Is an Anaerobe? 23
II. Problems in Classification and Characterization 27
III. Classification of Anaerobes 34
References 34
3. Anaerobes as Normal Flora 37
David J. Hentges
I. Introduction 37
II. Skin 38
III. Nose and Pharynx 39
IV. Oral Cavity 39
V. Alimentary Tract 44
VI. Genitourinary Tract 49
References 51
V
vi Contents
4. Effect of Antimicrobials on Human Flora 55
Carl Erik Nord
I. Introduction 55
II. Impact of /3-Lactam Antibiotics on Oropharyngeal
and Intestinal Microflora 56
III. Impact of Macrolides on Oropharyngeal and
Intestinal Microflora 68
IV. Impact of Tetracyclines on Oropharyngeal and
Intestinal Microflora 69
V. Impact of Nitroimidazoles on Oropharyngeal
and Intestinal Microflora 70
VI. Impact of Quinolones on Oropharyngeal and
Intestinal Microflora 70
VII. Impact of Clindamycin on Oropharyngeal and
Intestinal Microflora 75
References 76
5. Role of Bacterial Virulence Factors in Pathogenesis
of Anaerobic Infections 81
Dori F. Zaleznik and Dennis L. Kasper
I. Introduction 81
II. Pathogenesis 82
III. Animal Models and Τ Cells in Abscess Formation 89
References 93
6. Host Defense Mechanisms against Non-Spore-Forming
Anaerobic Bacteria 97
Ann B. Bjornson
I. Introduction 97
II. Direct Killing of Anaerobes by Serum 98
III. Activation of Complement by Anaerobes 98
IV. Chemotaxis of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 99
V. Phagocytosis and Killing of Anaerobes by
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 100
VI. Contribution of Antibodies and Complement
to Opsonization of Anaerobes 101
VII. Effects of Bacterial Surface Structures on Phagocytosis 103
VIII. Contribution of Cell-Mediated Immunity
to Resistance against Anaerobes 103
IX. Impairment of Host Defenses by Anaerobes 105
Contents vii
X. Summary 106
References 107
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections in Humans 111
Martha A. C. Edelstein
I. Introduction 111
II. Selection, Collection, and Transport 112
III. Direct Examination and Processing 117
References 130
8. General Aspects of Anaerobic Infection 137
Sydney M. Finegold
I. Incidence of Anaerobic Infections 137
II. Significance of Anaerobic Isolates and Specific Anaerobes 141
III. Clues to the Presence of Anaerobic Infection 148
References 149
9. Central Nervous System Infections 155
Morton N. Swartz
I. Brain Abscess 156
II. Bacterial Meningitis 187
III. Subdural Empyema 192
IV. Cerebral Epidural Abscess 199
V. Spinal Epidural Abscess 201
VI. Septic Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis 202
References 203
10. Eye Infections 213
Ronald E. Smith and Janis R. Nobe
I. Introduction 214
II. Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis 215
III. Canaliculitis 218
IV. Dacryocystitis 220
V. Conjunctivitis 221
VI. Keratitis 223
VII. Endophthalmitis 226
References 230
11. Oral and Dental Infections 233
Michael G. Newman and Anthony D. Goodman
I. Introduction 234
II. Periodontal Infection 237
viii Contents
III. Endodontic Infection 239
IV. Pediatric Infection 241
V. Complications from Orofacial Infection 243
VI. Antibiotics 250
VII. Osteomyelitis 251
VIII. Salivary Gland Infection 253
IX. Orofacial Infection and Chemotherapy 253
X. Specimen Collection and Processing 257
XI. Conclusion 258
References 259
12. Ear, Nose, Throat, and Head and Neck Infections 263
Maury E. Mulligan
I. Historical Aspects 263
II. Oral Flora in Health and Disease 264
III. Anatomic Factors 266
IV. Distinctive Pathogens 267
V. Ear Infections 268
VI. Infections of Sinuses 271
VII. Oropharyngeal Infections 274
VIII. Odontogenic Infections 276
IX. Neck Space Infections 276
X. Infections Related to Trauma and Surgery 281
XI. Necrotizing and Gas-Producing Infections 282
XII. Miscellaneous Infections 282
XIII. Complications 282
References 283
13. Anaerobic Bacteremia and Cardiovascular Infections 289
Candace W. Dorsher, Walter R. Wilson, and Jon E. Rosenblatt
I. Anaerobic Bacteremia 289
II. Infective Endocarditis 299
III. Pericarditis 303
IV. Myocardial Infection 304
V. Mycotic Aneurysm 304
VI. Infected Vascular Grafts 304
VII. Suppurative Thrombophlebitis 3Q5
References 305
14. Respiratory Tract and Other Thoracic Infections 311
John G. Bartlett
I. Introduction 311
II. Pulmonary Infections 312
Contents ix
III. Treatment and Prognosis 323
References 328
15. Biliary Tract and Hepatic Infections 333
H. Stephen Bjornson
I. Biliary Tract Infections 333
II. Pyogenic Liver Abscess 340
References 344
16. Intraperitoneal Infections 349
Gerard Sheehan and Godfrey Harding
I. Introduction 350
II. Applied Anatomy and Physiology 350
III. Secondary Peritonitis 351
IV. Intraperitoneal Abscess 360
V. Therapy and Prognosis of Secondary Peritonitis
and Intraperitoneal Abscess 366
VI. Miscellaneous Conditions Complicated by Intraperitoneal
Anaerobic Infection 375
References 378
17. Retroperitoneal Infections 385
Peter N. R. Heseltine and Maria D. Apple man
I. Introduction 385
II. Incidence and Epidemiology 385
III. Microbiology 386
IV. Pathogenesis 387
V. Anatomy 388
VI. Clinical Features 390
VII. Laboratory and Radiologic Features 400
VIII. Summary 402
References 403
18. Anaerobic Infections of the Urinary Tract 409
George F. Risi and Charles V. Sanders
I. Introduction 409
II. Pathogenesis and Predisposing Factors 412
III. Specific Sites of Infection 416
IV. Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Actinomyces
and Arachnia 422
References 423