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Anaerobic Infections - Diagnosis and Management - I. Brook (Informa, 2007) WW PDF

430 Pages·2007·9.97 MB·English
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Itzhak Brook, M.D., M.Sc. Georgetown University Washington, D.C., USA Anaerobic Infections Diagnosis and Management Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 q 2008 by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. Informa Healthcare is an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-8257-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-8257-4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequence of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users.Fororganizationsthat have been granteda photocopylicense bythe CCC,a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brook, Itzhak. Anaerobic infections : diagnosis and management / Itzhak Brook. p. ; cm. – (Infectious disease and therapy ; v. 46) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-8257-4 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-8257-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Anaerobic infections–Diagnosis. 2. Anaerobic infections–Treatment. I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Bacterial Infections–diagnosis. 2. Bacteria, Anaerobic. 3. Bacterial Infections–therapy. W1 IN406HMN v.46 2007 / WC 200 B871 2007] QR201.A57B75 2007 579.3’25–dc22 2007020432 Visit the Informa Web site at www.informa.com and the Informa Healthcare Web site at www.informahealthcare.com The book is dedicated to my wife, Joyce, my children Dafna, Tammy, Yoni, and Sara, and my granddaughter Darly. Preface Since the publication of the first edition of the book entitled Pediatric Anaerobic Infections, much has changed in our understanding and knowledge of the role of anaerobic bacteria in infections in children and adults. More clinical studies were performed describing their activity in a variety of infections, including head and neck infections, skin and soft tissue infections, abdominal and visceral abscesses, and infections after trauma. With increased awareness and early recognition, patient care improved those infections caused by these organisms. In the past three decades, resistance of anaerobic bacteria increased to many of the antimicrobials used for their therapy. During this period, newer antimicrobial agents effective against these organisms were introduced. Methods for their identification were improved and simplified, as their taxonomy has changed. As the field has expanded we felt the need to expand the scope of Pediatric Anaerobic Infections to include infections affecting the pediatric and adult populations. This volume does just that by covering the entire spectrum of adult and pediatric infections. Chapters include all age groups, while presenting illnesses unique to the neonatal age. The current volume updates our knowledge of diagnosis and therapy, resistance to antimicrobials, and the newer agents, indications and contraindications for surgery, and the therapy of complications. Newer diagnostic tests are included, and the nomenclature of the organisms is updated and newer and current references are included. Each chapter is set up to present the information in the most user-friendly way and emphasis has been given to treatment of various infections for ready use by all clinicians, including internists, pediatricians, ear, nose, and throat surgeons, general surgeons, and family practitioners. I am hopeful that the practicing physicians will continue to find this reference work useful in delivering care for their patients. Itzhak Brook Acknowledgments I am most grateful to those who have made this book possible. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Haya and Baruch, who worked so hard to ensure that I would have a proper education. They have always encouraged the development of my scientific curiosity and capabilities. I would also like to thank my children and especially my wife, Joyce, for her patience, support, and understanding. I am indebted to many of my teachers in the Hareali Haivri High School of Haifa, Israel, for their devotion and enthusiastic teaching, which were instrumental in promoting my scientific, professional, and ethical development. I am especially grateful to my biology teacher, Mr Z. Zilberstein, for his enthusiastic recognition of nature’s role in human life, and to my physics teacher, Mr. L. Green, for teaching me an analytical and scientific approach to my studies. I am grateful to many of my teachers in the Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine in Jerusalem and especially to the late Professor H. Berenkoff, who introduced me to the wonders of microbiology; to Dr. T. Sacks, who taught me clinical microbiology; and to Dr. S. Levine from Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel, who taught me general pediatrics. I owe special gratitude to my teacher and mentor at UCLA, Dr. S. M. Finegold, for sharing his knowledge of anaerobic microbiology and clinical infectious diseases. Dr. Finegold has served over the years as a constant source of support and encouragement. Other teachers who provided invaluable help are Drs. W. J. Martin and V. L. Sutter from UCLA, and Drs. C. V. Sumaya, G. D. Overturf, and P. Wherle, who taught me about pediatric infectious diseases. I am also grateful to my friends and collaborators who assisted in many of the clinical and laboratory studies: K. S. Bricknel for his excellent gas liquid chromatography work, and L. Calhoun, P. Yocurn and D. E. Giraldo for their dedication and laboratory support. Finally, I would like to thank the many medical students, house officers, infectious diseases fellows, and faculty members of the University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, Irvine; George Washington University and Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, for their collaboration in clinical studies. I am especially grateful to Drs. J. C. Coolbaugh and R. I. Walker from the Naval Medical Research Institute and Drs. T. B. Elliott and G. D. Ledney of the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland for their outstanding support of my research efforts. I am very grateful to Diane Citron for her helpful review and comments of the book. Contents Preface . . . . . . v Acknowledgments . . . . . . vii 1. Introduction to Anaerobes . . . . . . 1 2. Anaerobes as Part of the Human Indigenous Microbial Flora . . . . . . 13 3. Collection, Transportation, and Processing of Specimens for Culture . . . . . . 25 4. Clinical Clues to Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections . . . . . . 35 5. Virulence of Anaerobic Bacteria and the Role of Capsule . . . . . . 43 6. Neonatal Infections . . . . . . 53 7. Bacteremia and Septicemia in Newborns . . . . . . 61 8. Necrotizing Enterocolitis . . . . . . 69 9. Infant Botulism . . . . . . 79 10. Central Nervous System Infections . . . . . . 87 11. Ocular Infections . . . . . . 95 12. Odontogenic Infections . . . . . . 103 13. Ear Infections . . . . . . 119 14. Sinusitis . . . . . . 135 15. Mastoiditis . . . . . . 155 16. Tonsillitis, Adenoiditis, Purulent Nasopharyngitis, and Uvulitis . . . . . . 161 17. Infections of the Head and Neck . . . . . . 181 18. Actinomycosis . . . . . . 203 19. Mediastinitis . . . . . . 209 20. Pulmonary Infections . . . . . . 215 21. Other Chest Infections . . . . . . 223

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