Anaerobic Infections - Diagnosis and Management - I. Brook (Informa, 2007) WW

430 Pages·2007·9.97 MB·English

Itzhak Brook, M.D., M.Sc.
Georgetown University
Washington, D.C., USA

Anaerobic Infections
Diagnosis and Management

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brook, Itzhak.
Anaerobic infections : diagnosis and management / Itzhak Brook.
p. ; cm. – (Infectious disease and therapy ; v. 46)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-8257-4 (hardback : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-8257-2 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Anaerobic infections–Diagnosis.
2. Anaerobic infections–Treatment.
I. Title. II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Bacterial Infections–diagnosis. 2. Bacteria, Anaerobic. 3. Bacterial Infections–therapy.
W1 IN406HMN v.46 2007 / WC 200 B871 2007]

QR201.A57B75 2007
579.3’25–dc22
2007020432

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The book is dedicated to my wife, Joyce,
my children Dafna, Tammy, Yoni, and Sara, and
my granddaughter Darly.

Preface

Since the publication of the first edition of the book entitled Pediatric Anaerobic Infections, much
has changed in our understanding and knowledge of the role of anaerobic bacteria in infections
in children and adults. More clinical studies were performed describing their activity in a
variety of infections, including head and neck infections, skin and soft tissue infections,
abdominal and visceral abscesses, and infections after trauma. With increased awareness
and early recognition, patient care improved those infections caused by these organisms.
In the past three decades, resistance of anaerobic bacteria increased to many of the
antimicrobials used for their therapy. During this period, newer antimicrobial agents effective
against these organisms were introduced. Methods for their identification were improved and
simplified, as their taxonomy has changed.
As the field has expanded we felt the need to expand the scope of Pediatric Anaerobic
Infections to include infections affecting the pediatric and adult populations. This volume does
just that by covering the entire spectrum of adult and pediatric infections. Chapters include
all age groups, while presenting illnesses unique to the neonatal age. The current volume
updates our knowledge of diagnosis and therapy, resistance to antimicrobials, and the newer
agents, indications and contraindications for surgery, and the therapy of complications. Newer
diagnostic tests are included, and the nomenclature of the organisms is updated and newer and
current references are included.
Each chapter is set up to present the information in the most user-friendly way and
emphasis has been given to treatment of various infections for ready use by all clinicians,
including internists, pediatricians, ear, nose, and throat surgeons, general surgeons, and family
practitioners. I am hopeful that the practicing physicians will continue to find this reference
work useful in delivering care for their patients.

Itzhak Brook

Acknowledgments

I am most grateful to those who have made this book possible.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Haya and Baruch, who
worked so hard to ensure that I would have a proper education. They have always encouraged
the development of my scientific curiosity and capabilities. I would also like to thank my
children and especially my wife, Joyce, for her patience, support, and understanding.
I am indebted to many of my teachers in the Hareali Haivri High School of Haifa, Israel,
for their devotion and enthusiastic teaching, which were instrumental in promoting my
scientific, professional, and ethical development. I am especially grateful to my biology
teacher, Mr Z. Zilberstein, for his enthusiastic recognition of nature’s role in human life, and
to my physics teacher, Mr. L. Green, for teaching me an analytical and scientific approach to
my studies. I am grateful to many of my teachers in the Hebrew University Hadassah School
of Medicine in Jerusalem and especially to the late Professor H. Berenkoff, who introduced me
to the wonders of microbiology; to Dr. T. Sacks, who taught me clinical microbiology; and to
Dr. S. Levine from Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel, who taught me general pediatrics.
I owe special gratitude to my teacher and mentor at UCLA, Dr. S. M. Finegold, for sharing
his knowledge of anaerobic microbiology and clinical infectious diseases. Dr. Finegold has
served over the years as a constant source of support and encouragement. Other teachers who
provided invaluable help are Drs. W. J. Martin and V. L. Sutter from UCLA, and Drs. C. V.
Sumaya, G. D. Overturf, and P. Wherle, who taught me about pediatric infectious diseases.
I am also grateful to my friends and collaborators who assisted in many of the clinical and
laboratory studies: K. S. Bricknel for his excellent gas liquid chromatography work, and
L. Calhoun, P. Yocurn and D. E. Giraldo for their dedication and laboratory support.
Finally, I would like to thank the many medical students, house officers, infectious
diseases fellows, and faculty members of the University of California, Los Angeles; University
of California, Irvine; George Washington University and Georgetown University, Washington,
DC; and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, for their collaboration
in clinical studies. I am especially grateful to Drs. J. C. Coolbaugh and R. I. Walker from the
Naval Medical Research Institute and Drs. T. B. Elliott and G. D. Ledney of the Armed Forces
Radiobiology Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland for their outstanding support of my
research efforts. I am very grateful to Diane Citron for her helpful review and comments of
the book.

Contents

Preface
. . . . . .
v
Acknowledgments
. . . . . .
vii

1. Introduction to Anaerobes
. . . . . .
1

2. Anaerobes as Part of the Human Indigenous Microbial Flora
. . . . . .
13

3. Collection, Transportation, and Processing of Specimens for Culture
. . . . . .
25

4. Clinical Clues to Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections
. . . . . .
35

5. Virulence of Anaerobic Bacteria and the Role of Capsule
. . . . . .
43

6. Neonatal Infections
. . . . . .
53

7. Bacteremia and Septicemia in Newborns
. . . . . .
61

8. Necrotizing Enterocolitis
. . . . . .
69

9. Infant Botulism
. . . . . .
79

10. Central Nervous System Infections
. . . . . .
87

11. Ocular Infections
. . . . . .
95

12. Odontogenic Infections
. . . . . .
103

13. Ear Infections
. . . . . .
119

14. Sinusitis
. . . . . .
135

15. Mastoiditis
. . . . . .
155

16. Tonsillitis, Adenoiditis, Purulent Nasopharyngitis, and Uvulitis
. . . . . .
161

17. Infections of the Head and Neck
. . . . . .
181

18. Actinomycosis
. . . . . .
203

19. Mediastinitis
. . . . . .
209

20. Pulmonary Infections
. . . . . .
215

21. Other Chest Infections
. . . . . .
223