Anaerobic Digestion of MSW

61 Pages·2013·1.98 MB·English

Octob1e9r9 2• NREL!TP-431-4988J
DataS ummary MunicipSaoll id
WasteM anagem Alternatives
VolumXe: A ppendH·- Anaerobic
DigestoifMo SnW
SRIIn ternational
MenPlaorC ka,l ifornia
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NationRaeln ewabElnee rgLya boratory
A DivisioofMn i dwesRte searIcnhs titute
Operatfeodtr h eU .SD.e partmoefnE tn ergy
UndeCro ntraNcot.D E-AC02-83CH10093
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NOTICE
Thirse powrats p reparaesda na ccouonftw orks ponsorbeyda na gencoyft heU nitSetda tgeos vernmeNneti.t htehreU nitSetda tegso vernmennotra ny
agenctyh erenoofra, n yo ft heeimrp loyemeask,e sa nyw arranetxyp,r eosrsi mplioerda ,s sumeasn yl egalli abiolrri etsyp onsifbpitrlh ieat cyc uracy, com­
pleteneosrus s,e fulnoefas nsy i nformataipopna,r atpurso,d uocrtp ,r ocedsiss closoerrd e,p resetnhtaistt uss ew oulndo ti nfripnrgiev atoewlnye dr ights.
Referenhceer etiona nys pecicfoimcm ercpiraold upcrto,c esosrs, e rvibcyet radnea met,r ademamrakn,u factuorroe trh,e rwidsoee sn otn ecessarily con­
stitourti em pliyte sn dorsemernetc,o mmendatoirfo anv,o rbiynt gh eU nitSetda tegso vernmeonrat n ya genctyh ereTohfe.v iewasn do pinioonfas u thors
expressheedr edionn otn ecessasrtialtoyer r efltehcots oeft heU nited Sgtoavteersn meonrat n ya genctyh ereof.
Printientd h eU niteSdt atoefsA merica
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:NREL/I'P -431-4988•1 U C Category2 49• DE92016433
DataS ummary MunicipSaoll id
WasteM anagem tA lternatives
VolumXe: A ppen H-Anaerobic
DigestoifMo SnW
SRI International
MenPlaorC ka,l ifornia
NREL TechniMcoaln itoBrimlse:s hwaGru pta
PhilSihpe pherd
Q... i'I. E!.
..
NationRaeln ewaEbnlee rgLya boratory
(formerlthye S olarE nergRye searc�hs titute)
161C7o lBeo ulevard
Golden, Colorado 80401-3393
A DivisoifoM ni dweRsets earchI nstitute
Operatfeotdrh Ue. SD.e partmento fE nergy
undeCro ntraNcot.D E-AC02-83CH10093
Prepareudn desru bcontrancot:RF -1-1103
Octobe1r9 92
RepoOrtr ganization
Thisre.po rtD, atSaumma ry ofM unicSioplaWidlas tMea nagemAelntte rncaotmpirivse1e2ss ,
separatboelunyd volumesV.o lumeI c ontatihneres po rt textV.o lumIeI c ontains supporting exhibits.
VolumeIIsI thro ugh X are appendiceeasc,ah d dressian sgpe cifiMcS W managementte chnology.
VolumeXIs and XII contapironj ecbti bliograThpeh ideosc.um encto ntrolp agaet th e bacokf th is
-volumceo ntacionnst afcotsr obtaining copoifthe es o therv olumes.
Volume Contents DocumeNnutm ber
I Report Text TP-431-4988A
II Exhibits TP-431-4988B
III AppendiAx TP-431-4988C
MassB um Technologies
IV AppendiBx TP-431-49880
RDF Technologies
v AppendiCx TP-431-4988E
Fluidized-CBoemdb ustion
VI AppendixD TP-431-4988F
Pyrolysisan d Gasification
ofMSW
VII AppendiEx TP-431-49880
MateriaRle covery/Material
RecyclTiencgh nologies
VIII AppendiFx TP-431-4988H
Landfills
IX AppendGi x TP-431-49881
Compo sting
X AppendiHx TP-431-49881
AnaerobDiicg estioofnM SW
XI AlphabeticaIlnldye xed TP-431-4988K
Bibliography
XII NumericalInldye xed TP-431-4988L
Bibliography
TABLOEF C ONTENTS
Sectjon fa
H.1 INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW H-1
H..11 Background H-1
H..12 Status H-2
H2. TECHNOLDOGEYS CTRIIOPN H-3
H.2.1 Opearngti Partaemers H-4
H.2.2 ConventMioSnaWAl na erobicD igeSsytsitoenm H-6
H..23 HigSohl iCdosnce ntrastyiosnt ems H-8
H..24 CasSet udies H-9
H.2.4.1Re fCoPMroc es-Pso mpanoB eacFhlo,rida H-01
H..24.2 SOLCPOrocNe s-Wsa Dlt isWnoerlydF ,l orida H-13
H2..4.3 DRANCPOroc es-Gse ntB,e lgium H1-7
.
H2..4.4 ValorgParoc esLas BuisseFr,a nce H-21
-
H2..4.5 ReseParorjcecths H-24
H.3 ECONODMAITCA H-31
H.3.1 ConventSioysntaelm s H-31
H.3..11 TechnoeconomicC ompuMteodre l H-31
H3...12 RefCToecMh noeconomMicod el H-33
H.3.2 HigSohl iSdyss tems H-37
H.4 ENERAGSYS ESSMENT H-37
H.4.1 ConventSioynsatle ms H-38
H.4.2 HigSohl iSdyss tems H-42
H.S ENVIREONNTMARLE LEASPEAS/CITMS H-44
H.5.1 ConvenStyiosntaelm s H-44
H.5.2 HigSohl iSdyss tems H-45
H.6 SUMAMRY H-46
H.6.1 Status H-46
H6...11 TechnoDlogeyv elopment H-46
H..61.2 Economics H-48
H.6.3. 1 Energy Implications H-48
H..64. 1 EnvironImsesnuteasl H-49
H.6.2 IntegratOitohTneec rhW noilotghi es H-49
REFERENCES H-52
wTeC ORPORATION
USTO FT ABLES
Iabli .eaaa
H-1 PhysCicahle,mica alnd B ioloCgharactiecarli stoicsSf O LCFOeNed stocks H-14
,H-2 SOLCODNig esTteesrth s1 :5WR1itD F/Siudge H-18
H-3 PhysCichaalr adoefUristics C D avis PHiilogth--ScaASolnleaid esro bic
Digestion/ACoe�rosbtiicPng roc essUinngit s H-28
H-4 CharacteroifOs rgtaicsn Fice edsMtaockt eHriaiglhs-,So Alnidase robic
Digestion/ACoemporosbtiicPng roc ess H-28
H-5 Typical CharactoeWfria ssttFeicse edstockH,ig h-SoAnlaidesro bic
Digestion/ACoemropobsitcPi rocengs s H-29
H-6 ComparoiMfs SoWnCo mposiftroioSmnu mtande rL evy County, SEBAC
ProcesFse edstock H-29
H-7 Perfonnance Pa4r2a-mDReaetyet reTsni,tme ioS,nu mtMeSrW ,
SEBAPCro cess H-30
H-8 ProjeLcteelvdize Cedo stPsro,t oMtSype WA naerobDici geFsatciiolni tHy- 32
H-9 RefCBoaMs e -1C9a90sE ex penasndeR se evnues H34-
H1-0 RefCBoaMsC ea s-Cea pRietqauli rements H-34
·
H-11 RefCBoaMsC ea sCea s-Aho w H-34
H1-2 CapiRteqauli refmeoZnret Erosq uity H-36
H-13 TippiFngeC ea lucfloZaret roEqiou ni ty H-36
H-14 SEBACS ytsem SDuamtmaary H-38
H-15 TypiEcanleB rgayl ance H-40
H-61 RefCSoyMsm tM easBsa lance H-41
H-71 HygiAennaiclo yVfsa iriosuT syp eosfM SWO rganMicat erials H-45
LISOTF I ll-USTRATIONS
.Ei.Quri .eaaa
H-1 Anaerobico MfDS iWg estion H-7
H-2 ContiSntuioTruarsnkRed e actor H-7
H-3 PackedBed AnaeroDbiicg re ste H-9
H-4 AsB-uRieltf CFoaMc Pirolceitssy H-11
H-5 SOLCEOxNpe rimeTnetFsacatli lity H-15
H-6 SOLCON Digester H1-6
H-7 DRANPCrocOe ss H-20
·
H-8 ValorgParoc ess H-22
H-9 ValorgParoc esMse thanUinziatt ion H-23
H1-0 HiSoglhi Adnsa eroDbiicg esrotbiicCoo mpon/sAteiPnrocge ss H-26
H-11 SequeBnacetAdcn ha eroCboicm pongs Ptrociess H-30
H1-2 TypiMcSaWAl n aerobicS yDsimtMg eeassBtsaio lna nce H-39
H-13 ValorgParoc esMsa ttaendrE neBrgayl ance H-43
wTeC ORPORATION
H.1 INTRODUCTIONV/EORVIEW
Whimulen icipsoallidw as(tMeWS )t hermoconversaiondrn ecy clitnecgh nologiheasvbe ee nd escribed
iApnpe ndiceAst hrouEg,hhi ap stpe ndaiddxer ssetshe ro loefb ioconverstioecnh nologini haendsl ing
.t heo rgafnrica ctiiMnoS nWand sewasglued. gM eucohft he omrgaattnieicMnr S Wco,n sismatiinnlgy
ofp aperf,ood was,at neyda wrd asthea,pos t entfiocoarnl ev rsioanlo,ng w itshe wage sludge, through
biochemicaplroc essteoms e thaandncarbo en dioxidpero vidaim nge asura,bre lneewaebnleerg y
resouporctee nt(i8a1lT4 h)ge.a psrod uced bema trye ated foorfca rborned moiovxaialdnd we a rt,e
leavipngi pelqiuneame ltihtaygasn .e The processalso has thepo tentfioparrodl u ciasn tga bsoillidiz ed
productt hmaaty be suitaabsafl euf eocolrm bustoioruns eda saco mpostf erti(l8)iz5.e0 r
Anaerobicd igecastnio noc rcun aratlulaynu ncoinnt roelnlvedi ronmeantsal asindulofclrIthca , n occur
ianco ntrolelnevdi rosnumcaehsnta confinedLandf ivUeg saspserod lu.ct ioinds i scusisAnep pednd ix
F.T his appproevndiiidxne fso rotnnta htaein oane rodbiigce sptrocioensa ssit h abese n·a pplitedo
produce methfaronme o trghaenf raicct ioofMn S Wi ennclo secodnt,ro lrelaecdt .o rs
..
H.1.B1ackg round
Convneanaltn ioaerobic procdeisgsehesastv iobeene nu sesdi ncaebo u1t68 0 sttola izbseie ttled
sewasogleid Tsh.te e chnowloagfsyi irsntv esatsia mg eaatonedfs MSW idtnih seepoa sr1al39ly0 s,
but earelxype riwmeernnoetts s u ccels.Its m feuwtit rh� neiwnetdei rtneh lseat 1t 69e0 sG.o luate ke,
thUen iversCiatlyi fdooifrnr ieaact5 ,e- dyp eroagrr taom rmdientteeh e tefcehansoicaiflb idliigteys ting
municipawli ltwahargq seut aent oiaftn iiewmasal st.(e 343 ).
I1n6 99t,h ei ceoOf fSof lid WMaasntaeg eomfte hUne.t PS u.b HleiaclS tehrv ic(el attobee trr ansferred
tot hUe. ESP.A f)u ndedr eaas rchep rojteocti nvestpigrocatees stihnge cotndhiwatoutiol rndses u iltn
the maxcoinmuvme rsioMnS Wto ogf a ·sC .ondubcyPft eeffdea ttr h,Ue n ivoefrsI iltltyih noiein sto,ef n t
thperoc eswsa tso r edtuchweee iagnhtvod l umoeft hseo lwida srtmeea in-irfdngo i spo;es naelrgy
recovryew as anm oatrjf oactato trh taitm( e8 1Th4e)w .o rkd emotnrsatthefede asoibfmi eltihtayn e
productiofnro ms olwida stwei,lt ihm aitdeiddt ioofn ss eswlau;gda egnd ie ncluadnee vda iolnuo afgt as
productioansa f unctioonf pH, tseomlpeliraodtasudr rieent,ge t,ni tamionensd l urry cotncieaonndnt ,r a
ane valuoaftt hioen acondsn tesecot no mic beonfte hfseiy ts t(e343)m. A lsion1 6 99C,o nsotledi da
NatuGraasSl e rvicCeo mpapenrfyo rmeldabo ratando rye nginesetrduiinget soe valbuiaogtaes
production fromT hMeSsWe. rsetcoundfitiehrmested e chfneicaasloi fbt ihaleni ateyrod biicg e·s tion
procestscoo nveortrg icaw nasttope ispe lqiunafelu igetalys .
wTeC ORPORATION H-1
.Itnhee arl1y79 0tshe,i mpendiennegrg cyri sileds taoni ncreiasntede reistan n aerobicd igeassat ni on
alternativfeore ra lizeinnge frgroym M SWw,h ilreeducing thevolu me ofw astteobe dispoasnded
controlleimingss ionsI.n1 73 9,t he NatScieioncena l Foundation( NS,uF n)dteheRr e seApaprclhit eod
NationaNle edsP rograawma,rd eda contratoct D ynatechRI DCo mpanyf oarn i ndeptshtu dy to
detennithene potentfiodarel lov pinge the anaerobdici gepstrocioens fsothe r o rganficra ctioonfM SW
·
and thecog eneartiooftn her seultbiingog (a343s, 8 1845,0 A) co.mp reheinvmodsee lo fa1 0,0T0P D
faciwlaist yd eveelovpeadleco unotamotic ef easiBbaisloedint t hyi.s NwSoFrk ,r ecommended funding
foarp roof-co-oncfeptf acilWiatstMyea. ng aemeIntncw,.as a wardaeco dn trtaodct e vetlohfpea caitl ity
itsP ompano Beach, FloridaSo lidW astReed uctioCne nsitteerP .r iotor p rojecti nint,pi roatjieoct
adminisatndrf atuiondni wnga st ranstfote hrrtedeh en fnoennedw Ul.yS E.n ergRye seaandrc h
DevelopmeAuntt hor;ita yndsu bsequentcalmyeu ndethre s ponsorshoifpt hUe. SD.O E( 343,8 41).
Knowna sR efCo(MR efCounsvee rstiooMn e teh)ath,nep rofo-of-concfeapcytoi pelarittfedro m17 98t o
1895w hetnhd ee monstpreatriodi oennda entddh pero jweactss h duwotn .
H..12StatUS
Thpero ductuisovefe biogansobeco tmhas e aw ideesappdrr actiicne theS tUanontriet sth egrohoduu t
the woRrlde.f CroeMm atihnes l oanrgley-f saccati·lohl eai vtey d beeveenloi petndh e USnttitaeednos ;
controlcolmedm erciMaSlWa naedroibgice hsatvyeeersb t e epnl aiconedpe rtaiointn h coiusn t(ry0 10).
Becausoef itnchree aisnitnegir nte hsdete veloopfmlo wen-cotst ,en ivronmetanlly-acceptable
alternaetnievrgey soucorcnevse,rs oitfMoh SneWt ome thatnhero uagnha edrobiicg ehsatbecosim oen
thseu bjoectfe xterensesairvachend d eveloepffrtmoste hnrotu gthohwueot rld ( 450.) 1I889n,s everal
countriienscl uAudstirngi Caa,nd aaD,e nmaFrki,n lIarnedlN,ae nwZd e,a lNaondrw,a Sywe,d etnh,e
.U niKtiedng doamnd,t hUen iStteda htaevse e dat gocor oerdintathere eisre iabnrio cmha cosnsv ersion
throuTgahsI kVof thBeio energy Aogfr Ietnehtmeee rnanEttnio enArgagyle nc(y0 9).
Itnh Uen iSttedat easd,v anbceiodl oagndie cnagli nreeesreipanrorcgjh e actrsbee i ngco nducteda,s
paortft hEen ergfyrom M unicWiapsaPtlre raog m,b yt hDee partomfEe nnetrg noywu ndetrh fei eld
manamegneto ft hNea tioRneanle wableL aboErante(orgNryyR EfLo)nn,e trlhySoe l aErn ergy
ReseaIrncsht( iStEu.At Rlee) seaircsbe hi ngco nductedi na nuomfbea rr eas twehchenorleog ical
improvemumste ntbems a dieno rdetroe conomically produfcroemM SmWe.At rheabeaniseng
investiigncaltedu1 di)enc :ri engaso slsilo dadi2ng)d, e cresaoslireidngss i dteincmeae n3,d)i mproving
converseioffnic ieIncny1 8.97 G,oo dman tnohtfeeo dl loDwOiEISngE RrIe seoabrcjhe ctwiitvhe s
respecttto h ekseoeype aritngp arameters:
wTeC ORPORATION H-2
SolidCosnc entraitDnioig ne ster 10% .2o-30%
SolidRse sideTnciemi eDn ig este2r5da ys 5days
ConversioEnff iciency 55% 80%
Theo vreagolalol fth irse seiatsrcored h uce thcoes otfp roducimnge thfaronwmea sotrbei omafssro m
$5/milBtluit oolen s tsh $3a.n5 0i/lmBltuio ntb hyye e 2a0r0 (045 2).
Advancesa rbeei ngm adei tnh dee lvoepmeontfh ig h-soalnaiedsro dbigice sptroceiosnse s NaRtEa Lnd
elsewherMeu.cof h t hien itwoirk ailnt haisr ewaa sco nducted byJ ewaendlW lu jcik( 85385,5) .
Jewlelre'sse aorcn·h t reoargtainwnicag s taendsf armcro p rseiduesm ebayon fsd ry fearmteinton
indicatthesadit g nifmiceatnhptarod neu ctioratne sco uldbe otbaiatnt edo tsaollcoid nst eonfut pts o40
percent( 29R0e)se.a arcnhded v elopmieosngc)n ti ngat thUen iveorsfFi lotridy(a5 8 ,18 52C)o,rn ell
Unive(rs85i1,t)t yhU en ivoeCfrs ailtyi (f8o5,rn0 i)atandh U en iveorsfMi atiy(n 58e1 ).
ThGea sR esearcIshnt iC0tu!1t1)1ee tbediog asifsicattiound ati aep si lote-xscpearliemt eenustntait l
located itnh Dei sWnoerldyR esoCrto mplFeloxri,d Faro.m1 849 throu1g89h8t ,h SeO LC(OsoNl ids
concentrraetairctwng oa)us t iltizocoed n veartv aroifei tnyd iavndidm uiaxlfe eded stocks, including
refusef-ud(eeRlriD vtFedom) e,t h(a8n0e·2 ).
IEnu ropep,i;lo;t-afsc aacliielGn ie tntBey,lg iuompe ratfedoo rn ee-a(yr91 85u)s itnghD eR AN(CdOry
anaerocobmicpos tpirocnge)s psrod,u cingm ethane from tctheio·no fMo SrgWa naaiccond m fmerrcaial
humuse-ndlp irodkuect T.h Vea lorgparoc ess apbepe tahrse tdomoe svte laonpeade rodbiicg estion
technologfyo r iMtnSh Wwe o rl(d4 5T0h)pi.ros cessw adse monstraattped i lot/ilnd-uscaistlnLare i a
SuisFsraenc,ea ;nd coam merciafla-cschiaallbesiee t noy pe rtaionsailncOct eo ber1,89 8i An miens,
Francet hwoeib tjh�o itfvr ee a1t00i,n0tg0o 0n onMfeS sW pe ry e(a4r5 8018,2 1,)5 .
H.2 TECHNOLOGDYE SCRIPTION
Thdeig estion uptrocielmsiicroszorge asn itsoms bsitloaizrgea nmicat taendrt op roduce enzymes to
catatlhypezroc ee sTsh.de e toafti hlpesroc esasreno tco mpleutneedrlsyt becaoodu sem anyt hoef
organihsamsvno ety ebete ni soeladNt.o neeltehtshbseioc, h emiosttfryh oev eprrocaelslist s ho ught to
proceedi tnh ree sdtiasgTtehisfen.i ct srs attg iefs e rmentna.tF ioaculabtaeictrivwaeh, ic cahn l i·v e
eithietnrh p er esoeranc bes eoncfoe x ygaenntd,h eir reednzuycocmemes p lmoelxec ul(eposl ymeric
wTeCORPORATION H·3
-----------------
---·------
solidsuchs asce lluloseand, profteaitsn,ts osi) � leo rganics (monomearss susucfghaa tartc,yid s,
and �no acids). In stecohend stagacidogee,n ic bacteriareduce themo nomerst oac etacidic and
hdyrogenI.nth eth irdst ag,mee thanogenbactice riause the acetacidic and hdyrogento produce
methaanend ca rbond ioxideT.h meet hanogebactneicria ,e ssentot theia lsu ccesosft hesy stme,a re
-strainactelrobicy,a ndt hus bemu scotnt aiinanedn airtriegahtct vioensl sOt.eh eers senftaictaaolrrsa e ·
neutrpaHlpro, pe r nutrie(ntnsit rogepnho,s phorutsra,cem eltsaabs)e,nc eo ft xoinands ,p roper
te�aeturer.The microbpoiapull atwiohnicaf hectf st hdeig estmioanbey introducweitdh othrgea nics
orm abey seeded inttoh deig eswtheetrnh s eu bstdoreasnott eha veal argpoepu lationo fit so wna,sis
theca sew itMhS W( 10,02 7)1.
H.2Ojleratl.1ng Parameters
Ani mportacontn sideriathent aionane robdici gepsrocetsiosnis t hreat e at twhahecti icovhrge a nisms
doubtlheepo ipru laFtiiorstnthe.s, u bsisth ryatrodeyZl ed.F ofre edstsuocckhas s se wagsoel iadnds
manutrheoesrg ,a nidosumbsal ndeh ydrotlhysezu ebs tvreatrapryeid lyT.hdo eu blriangft oetr hmo er e
recalcitrsaunbts tsrautcaehsps ape rand woodis mo re UmitedOnce. thseu bsisth radytroel y,tz hede
aceetnogbiacct erirapaid lgywro,hw it lhmeeet hanogebnaictceg riroawmo res lo(w1)lT0y.o e nhance
microbaictailav ndi tty heuctts h beafio flogcoicnavle rseioffniCnc iyoe tfh sey smt,te hdeig esotpeerr ating
paramemtuestbers co ntrolled. In geniencrlatulhdf,eeo lngtlo:hwe ise parameters
o VolatileSo !ids(VS)/Feedstock Compositjon. VSis t hmee asure maotfe roiirgnaa lna ic
substa(nc1e0T )hbe.es dti gefsetedestrock isw hoicnisheh iignh volataindl e solids
lowi nno nbiodebglr(ea2sd).7 aA1 lt houagl ha rgfera ctioonfM SWis b iodegrbaldea,
certoargiann siucsca hsp lasatndicsf iberrse sbirsetak do(wannos t ed above) and
furthcaencar u,s pero bliensms u bseuqnupiteroc nets sTehsre.ere f,po repaoraft ion
MSWis rqeuitreord e movmee ltsag,l a,ts etsxilaendps l,a sftroicsmt hfee edstiockn
ordetrom inimize vdoilguaemnstewdee rao rnt heqeu ipme(n29t0 )a,sw ealslt o
minitmhizreee sidue f(o8r.1. T4 dh)aei mo supontso afgl a psrod uceiddse pend·e nt
upont hveo lsoatliidlfsee d spate cait feimcpe raatndur reeetn ttioinm 7e1 )(.2
o · Temperature and Betentjon Time. Thpero ductoifbo inog iamssax imiaztaer de actor
mesophtielmicap teurorf3e 7 0C, aatan t dh ermophtielmpicet rauorfeS OOC.T he
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