Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: Principles and Applications

308 Pages·2008·3.85 MB·English

by  Samir Khanal

P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Anaerobic
Biotechnology
for Bioenergy
Production
Principles and Applications
Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Produc tion: Principles and Applications Samir Kumar Khanal
© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-813-82346-1
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Anaerobic
Biotechnology
for Bioenergy
Production
Principles and Applications
SAMIR KUMAR KHANAL
University of Hawai‘i at Ma¯noa
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Editionfirstpublished2008
(cid:2)C 2008SamirKhanal
BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishingprogramhasbeen
mergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,Technical,andMedicalbusinesstoformWiley-Blackwell.
EditorialOffice
2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor
permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbook,pleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.
Authorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluse,ortheinternalorpersonaluseofspecificclients,is
grantedbyBlackwellPublishing,providedthatthebasefeeispaiddirectlytotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222
RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923.ForthoseorganizationsthathavebeengrantedaphotocopylicensebyCCC,
aseparatesystemofpaymentshasbeenarranged.ThefeecodesforusersoftheTransactionalReportingServiceare
ISBN-13:978-0-8138-2346-1/2008.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand
productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarks,orregisteredtrademarks,oftheir
respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.This
publicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itis
soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladvice
orotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Anaerobicbiotechnologyforbioenergyproduction:principlesandapplications/SamirKumarKhanal[contributor
andeditor].
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-8138-2346-1(alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-8138-2346-3(alk.paper)
1.Alcohol–Synthesis. 2.Biomassenergy. 3.Anaerobicbacteria. 4.Industrialmicrobiology.
5.Sewagesludgedigestion. 6.Refuseandrefusedisposal–Biodegredation. I.Khanal,SamirKumar.
TP358.A552008
(cid:3)
662.88–dc22
2008013128
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheU.S.LibraryofCongress.
Setin11.5/13.5ptAdobeGarmoundbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedinSingaporeby[printer]
Disclaimer
Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessof
thecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarranties
offitnessforaparticularpurpose.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin
renderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforeverysituation.In
viewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations,andtheconstantflowof
informationrelatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment,anddevices,thereaderisurgedtoreviewand
evaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsforeachchemical,pieceofequipment,
reagent,ordevicefor,amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationofusageandforadded
warningsandprecautions.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/ora
potentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformationthe
organizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbeawarethat
InternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenand
whenitisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbyanypromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Neitherthe
publishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarisingherefrom.
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS, xi
PREFACE, xiii
1
OVERVIEW OF ANAEROBIC BIOTECHNOLOGY, 1
SamirKumarKhanal
1.1 Anaerobic Biotechnology and Bioenergy Recovery, 1
1.2 Historical Development, 3
1.3 Importance of Anaerobic Biotechnology in Overall Waste
Treatment, 5
1.4 Definition and Principle of Anaerobic Processes, 6
1.5 Important Considerations in Anaerobic Biotechnology, 8
1.6 Merits of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 15
1.7 Limitations of Anaerobic Process, 22
References, 25
2
MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ANAEROBIC
BIOTECHNOLOGY, 29
SamirKumarKhanal
2.1 Background, 29
2.2 Organics Conversion in Anaerobic Systems, 29
2.3 Process Microbiology, 32
References, 41
3
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, 43
SamirKumarKhanal
3.1 Background, 43
3.2 Temperature, 43
3.3 Operating pH and Alkalinity, 47
3.4 Nutrients, 55
v
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
vi Contents
3.5 Toxic Materials, 56
3.6 Redox Potential or Oxidation–Reduction Potential, 59
References, 61
4
KINETICS AND MODELING IN ANAEROBIC PROCESSES, 65
KeshabRajSharma
4.1 Background, 65
4.2 Basic Elements, 66
4.3 Stepwise Approach to Modeling, 69
4.4 Modeling of pH Change, 79
4.5 Modeling of Energy Generation, 87
References, 92
5
ANAEROBIC REACTOR CONFIGURATIONS FOR BIOENERGY
PRODUCTION, 93
SamirKumarKhanal
5.1 Background, 93
5.2 Strategies for Decoupling HRT and SRT, 93
5.3 Classification of Anaerobic Bioreactors, 94
5.4 Membrane Technology for Syngas Fermentation to Ethanol, 112
References, 114
6
MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES IN ANAEROBIC BIOTECHNOLOGY:
APPLICATION IN BIOENERGY GENERATION, 115
SrisudaDhamwichukorn
6.1 Background, 115
6.2 Molecular Techniques in Anaerobic Biotechnology, 115
6.3 Fundamentals of Molecular Techniques, 116
6.4 Phylogenetic Analysis, 117
6.5 Molecular Techniques for Microbial Community Structure
Analysis: DNA Fingerprinting, Clone Library, and
Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization, 118
6.6 Molecular Techniques for Functional Analysis, 121
6.7 Nucleic Acid Extraction of Anaerobic Cells/Isolates
and Sludge, 123
6.8 Molecular Techniques for Structure and Function Analysis, 123
6.9 Postgenomic Approaches for Bioenergy Research, 128
References, 130
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Contents vii
7
BIOENERGY RECOVERY FROM SULFATE-RICH WASTE
STREAMS AND STRATEGIES FOR SULFIDE REMOVAL, 133
SamirKumarKhanal
7.1 Background, 133
7.2 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, 133
7.3 High-Strength Sulfate-Rich Wastewater, 135
7.4 Methane Recovery from High-Strength Sulfate-Laden
Wastewater, 135
7.5 Important Considerations in Treatment and Methane Recovery
from High-Strength Sulfate-Laden Wastewater, 137
7.6 Interactions between MPB and SRB, 143
7.7 Sulfide Removal, 149
References, 157
8
BIOENERGY GENERATION FROM RESIDUES OF BIOFUEL
INDUSTRIES, 161
SamirKumarKhanal
8.1 Background, 161
8.2 Bioethanol Feedstocks, 162
8.3 Biodiesel Feedstocks, 163
8.4 Ethanol Production, 163
8.5 Thin Stillage Characterization, 171
8.6 Cassava-Based Ethanol Production, 183
8.7 Cellulose-Based Ethanol Production, 185
8.8 Bioenergy Recovery from Crude Glycerin, 186
References, 187
9
BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION: FUNDAMENTALS, CHALLENGES,
AND OPERATION STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCED YIELD, 189
SamirKumarKhanal
9.1 Background, 189
9.2 Biological Hydrogen Production, 190
9.3 Microbiology of Dark Fermentation, 191
9.4 Hydrogen Production Pathway through
Dark Fermentation, 192
9.5 Suppression of Hydrogen Consumers, 196
9.6 Hydrogen Yield, 199
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
viii Contents
9.7 Important Considerations in Biohydrogen Production, 200
9.8 Limitations of Dark Fermentation and Potential Remedial
Options, 210
9.9 Technoeconomic Analysis of Hydrogen Fermentation, 213
References, 215
10
MICROBIAL FUEL CELL: NOVEL ANAEROBIC
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY GENERATION FROM
WASTEWATER, 221
HongLiu
10.1 Background, 221
10.2 How Does a Microbial Fuel Cell Work?, 222
10.3 Stoichiometry and Energetics, 223
10.4 Electrochemically Active Microbes and Electron Transfer
Mechanisms, 225
10.5 Evaluation of MFC Performance, 228
10.6 MFC Designs and Electrode Materials, 231
10.7 Operational Factors Affecting MFC Performance, 239
10.8 Opportunities and Challenges for MFCs in Wastewater
Treatment, 242
References, 243
11
PRETREATMENT OF HIGH-SOLIDS WASTES/RESIDUES TO
ENHANCE BIOENERGY RECOVERY, 247
SanthaHarikishan
11.1 Background, 247
11.2 Efficiency of Sludge Pretreatment, 248
11.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment, 250
11.4 Chemical and Physical Pretreatment, 257
11.5 Thermal Hydrolysis, 261
11.6 Impact of Improved Digestibility on Overall Process
Economics, 264
References, 264
12
BIOGAS PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE, 267
SanthaHarikishan
12.1 Background, 267
12.2 Biogas Production, 267
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Contents ix
12.3 Factors Affecting Digester Gas Production, 269
12.4 Biogas Composition, 270
12.5 Biogas Impurities, 272
12.6 Biogas Cleaning for Effective Utilization, 274
12.7 Biogas Utilization, 279
12.8 Future of Biogas as a Renewable Resource, 290
References, 291
INDEX, 293
P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK
BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July11,2008 15:3
Contributors
SrisudaDhamwichukornisPresidentandChiefScientistofPacificTimeCo.Ltd.
andUniverseandScienceCo.Ltd.,Bangkok,Thailand.ShereceivedherPh.D.in
environmentalbiotechnologyfromMichiganTechnologicalUniversity,Michigan,
andwasPostdoctoralResearchAssociateattheUniversityofNotreDame,Indiana.
Dr Dhamwichukorn’s research interests are in microbial community analysis us-
ingmoleculartechniques,bioremediation,applicationsofDNAmicroarrays,and
bioinformatics.
Santha Harikishan is a Process Engineer at Black and Veatch, Kansas City, Mis-
souri. He obtained his M.S. in environmental engineering from Iowa State Uni-
versity. Santha has extensive practical experience with biosolids processing and
bioenergy production. He is actively involved in process and facility design for
wastewater treatment plants, and evaluation and development of residuals man-
agementschemesfortreatmentfacilities.
Hong Liu is an Assistant Professor of Biological and Ecological Engineering at
Oregon State University. She obtained her Ph.D. in environmental engineering
fromtheUniversityofHongKongandreceivedpostdoctoraltrainingatPennsyl-
vaniaStateUniversity.DrLiuhaspublishedover30researchpapers,mainlyinthe
areas of microbial fuel cell and biohydrogen production. She and her coworkers
atPennsylvaniaStateUniversitywonPopularMechanics2005BreakthroughAward
fortheirinventionofabioelectrochemicallyassistedprocessforhydrogengenera-
tion.Hercurrentresearchinterestsareintheareasofenvironmentalbiotechnology,
microbialfuelcell,andbioenergyproduction.
KeshabRajSharmaisaResearchFellowinAdvancedWaterManagementCenter
at the University of Queensland, Australia. He received Ph.D. in environmental
engineering from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong
Kong. Dr Sharma’s research focuses on biofilm processes, and process modeling
andsimulationofbiologicalsystems.
xi