Anaerobic Bacteria: Selected Topics

318 Pages·1980·49.51 MB·English

by  Dwight W. Lambe Jr. (auth.)

Anaerobic
Bacteria
Selected Topics
Anaerobic
Bacteria
Selected Topics
Edited by
Jr.
Dwight W. Lambe,
East Tennessee State University
Johnson City, Tennessee
Robert J. Genco
State University of New York
New York, New York
and
J.
1(. Mayberry-Carson
East Tennessee State University
Johnson City, Tennessee
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Anaerobic Bacteria.
Anaerobic bacteria.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Bacterial diseases-Congresses. 2. Bacteria, Anaerobic-Congresses. I. Lambe,
Dwight W. II. Genco, Robert J. III. Mayberry-Carson, K. J. IV. Title. [DNLM: 1.
Bacterial infections-Congresses. 2. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria-Congresses.
WC200 I613a 1979)
RC115.155 1979 616'.014 80-18505
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3161-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3159-9
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3159-9
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Anaerobic Bacteria:
Laboratory Aspects, Pathogenicity, Human Immune Response to Infection, and Serology,
held at East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, April 2-4, 1979.
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1980
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
A symposium seems an appropriate vehicle to review recent, as
well as new, data on important topics. It is therefore our goal to
present a symposium on selected topics of importance every three
years. Some topics will be updated and new topics will be presented.
A vast amount of information has been accumulated over the past
ten years on the significance of anaerobic bacteria in infectious
diseases. This symposium was organized to discuss laboratory aspects,
normal flora, pathogenicity, serology, and the patients' immune re
sponse to anaerobic infection. Important imformation on the patients'
immune response and serology of anaerobes which has accumulated over
the last few years made these topics an important part of the sympo
sium. Development of serological diagnostic tests undoubtedly will
provide quicker and less expensive identification of certain anaerobic
species in the future. Utilization of the patients' immune response
to anaerobic septicemia has the potential of providing a diagnosis of
the causative agent within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. The
development of such diagnostic methods and the use of these methods
in the clinical laboratory in the future would provide rapid diag
nostic information to the clinician on these life-threatening infec
tions.
Campylobacter was included in the symposium to emphasize the
important role of this organism in human acute gastroenteritis. The
pathogenesis of Campylobacter in gastroenteritis has been recognized
in certain European countries since 1972, although we have recognized
the importance of Campylobacter gastroenteritis in the United States
only within the past two years.
The papers on periodontal disease emphasize the important role
of certain anaerobes in periodontal disease.
The subject matter presented in this book is of practical inter~
est in clinical and research laboratories, and we hope that some of
the information presented will stimulate new ideas and provoke new
research. The topics should be of major interest to medical and
clinical microbiologists, physicians, dentists, and medical technol
ogists.
This book represents the papers presented at the International
Symposium on Anaerobic Bacteria, which was held in April, 1979 at East
Tennessee State Univers~ty in Johnson City, Tennessee. The Symposium
was sponsored by the Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine,
v
PREFACE
East Tennessee State University. Co-sponsors of the Symposium in
cluded: Beecham Laboratories, Bellco Glass, Inc., Carr-Scarborough
Microbiologicals, Inc., Johnston Laboratories, Inc., Marion Scienti
fic Corporation, Roerig Division of Pfizer, Inc., Schering Corpora
tion, and Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc.
We express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to Mrs. Paula
Williams for her skill and dedication in typing the final chapters
as they were photographed, and to Mrs. Brenda Bowman who assisted.
We are indebted to Mr. Jerry Keplinger and Mrs. Kaethe Ferguson for
their expert proofing of the manuscripts.
Dwight W. Lambe, Jr.
Robert J. Genco
K.J. Mayberry-Carson
CONTENTS
PART I
INTRODUCTION. SELECTED CLINICAL LABORATORY
TOPICS AND IDENTIFICATION
Moderators: D.W. Lambe, Jr. and V. DelBene
1. INTRODUCTION: CULTURE OF CLINICAL SPECIMENS FOR ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA
Dwigh t W. Lambe, Jr. • • • • • . • • • . • . . • • . I
2. A SIMPLIFIFED TECHNIQUE FOR THE ROUTINE CULTIVATION OF
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
E . C• S. Chan . • . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . • 7
3. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF PUS AS AN INDICATION OF ANAEROBIC
INFECTION
K.D. Phillips ... • . . . . . • . • • . . . • . • 17
4. RECENT CHANGES IN IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF
SOME ANAEROBES
L.V. Holdeman, E.P. Cato and W.E.C. Moore 25
5. ANAEROBIC FLORA OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
G.B. Hill .. • • . . . • . . . • . . . • • 39
6. A STANDARDIZED DISK METHOD FOR ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
TEST FOR ANAEROBES; FOUR YEARS OF ANTIBIOTIC DATA
D.W. Lambe, Jr. and W.W. Laslie ..•.••...• 51
7. CHANGING TRENDS IN THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN
OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
C.V. Sanders, Jr. and A.C. Lewis. 61
PART II
PATHOGENICITY OF ANAEROBES
Moderator: L.V. Holdeman
8. CAMPYLOBACTER ENTERITIS AND SEPTICEMIA
S. Lauwers • . • . . . . • . . • . . 69
9. ROLE OF ANAEROBES IN CROHN'S DISEASE
D. Danielsson . . . • • . . . • . 77
10. INFECTIONS FOLLOWING GASTRODUOEDENAL OPERATIONS
R.L. Nichols and J. LoCicero, III • • . • 85
11. THE ANAEROBIC MICROFLORA ASSOCIATED WITH PERIODONTAL DISEASE
B.L. Williams 93
vii
~ CON~N~
12. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERIODONTAL MICROFLORA AND
ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS IN MACACA ARCTOIDES
J. Slots, E. Hausman, C. Mouton, L.F. Ortman, P.G. Hammond
and R.J. Genco. . • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • 109
13. EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS FOR ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS
A.B. Onderdonk, D.L. Kasper, B.J. Mansheim, T.J. Louis,
S.L. Gorbach and J.G. Bartlett. . • • . • • • • • . . . 123
PART III
SEROLOGY OF ANAEROBES
Moderator: D.W. Lambe, Jr.
14. SEROLOGY OF BACTEROIDACEAE
D• W . Lambe. Jr. •••••••.•••••.•..••• 141
15. DEMONSTRATION OF HEAT STABLE AND HEAT LABILE ANTIGENS OF
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS WITH THE USE OF CO-AGGLUTINATION AND
IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TECHNIQUES
D. Danielsson, D.W. Lambe, Jr. and K.P. Ferguson. • •• 155
16. SURFACE ANTIGENS AS VIRULENCE FACTORS IN INFECTION WITH
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
D.L. Kasper, A.B. Onderdonk, B.F. Polk and
J.G. Bartlett •• • • . • • . • . • • • 173
17. ANTIGENIC ANALYSIS OF ACTINOMYCES SPECIES
G.E. Kenny and B.L. Williams 193
18. SEROLOGY OF PROPIONIBACTERIA
C • S. Cummins • • • • • 205
PART IV
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS
Moderators: R.J. Genco and D. Danielsson
19. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ANAEROBIC SEPTICEMIA AND TO ANAEROBIC
COCCI
D. W. Lambe, Jr. ••••. • • . . • . 223
20. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ANAEROBIC WOUND INFECTIONS
A. Schwan . . . . . . .. . . . . 239
21. IMMUNE RESPONSE OF HAMSTERS AND HUMANS WITH ANTIBIOTIC
ASSOCIATED COLITIS
J. Silva, R. Lusk, R. Fekety, K. Wilson. D. Batts,
D. Mason and D. Spratt •.•.••.•.•••.•• 257
22. SYSTEMIC IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ORAL ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS
Robert J. Genco, Jorgen Slots, Christian Mouton and
P. Murr ay . . . . . . . . . . . 277
II •
23. CLINICAL SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE
J. Silva •.•••••• 295
24. MICROBIOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE
D. Danielsson 303
SUBJECT INDEX 307
LIST OF SPEAKERS
Symposium on Anaerobic Bacteria: Selected Topics
April 2-4, 1979
E.C.S. Chan, Ph.D. Lillian V. Holdeman, Ph.D.
Associate Professor University Distinguished
McGill University Professor
Montreal, Quebec Anaerobe Laboratory,
Canada 3A2B4 VPI and SU
Division of Basic Sciences
Cecil S. Cummins, Sc.D. Blacksburg, Virginia
Professor
Anaerobe Laboratory, Dennis L. Kasper, M.D.
VPI and SU Associate Professor of
Division of Basic Sciences Medicine
Blacksburg, Virginia Department of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Dan Danielsson, M.D., Ph.D. Harvard University
Assistant Director Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Clinical Bacteriology
and Immunology George E. Kenny, Ph.D.
Central County Hospital Professor and Chairman
Orebro, Sweden Department of Pathobiology
School of Public Health and
Victor DelBene, M.D. Community Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine University of Washington
Department of Medicine Seattle, Washington
Division of Infectious Diseases
Medical University of South Carolina Dwight W. Lambe, Jr., Ph.D.
Charleston, South Carolina Professor and Chairman
Department of Microbiology
Robert J. Genco, D.D.S., Ph.D. College of Medicine
Professor and Chairman East Tennessee State
Department of Oral Biology University
State University of New York at Buffalo Johnson City, Tennessee
Buffalo, New York
W. Wayne Laslie, M.S.
Gale B. Hill, Ph.D. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
Associate Professor New York, New York
Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology
Assistant Professor Sabine Lauwers, M.D.
Department of Microbiology/Immunology Department of Microbiology
Duke University Medical Center St. Pierre Hospital
Durham, North Carolina Brussels, Belgium
ix
x LIST OF SPEAKERS
W.E.C. Moore, Ph.D. Charles V. Sanders, Jr., M.D.
Professor Associate Professor of
Anaerobe Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology
VPI and SU School of Medicine
Division of Basic Sciences Department of Medicine
Blacksburg, Virginia Louisiana State University
New Orleans, Louisiana
Ronald L. Nichols, M.D.
Henderson Professor of Surgery Anna Schwan, M.D.
Department of Surgery University of Uppsala
University of Tulane Institute of Clinical Bacteriology
New Orleans, Louisiana Uppsala, Sweden
Andrew B. Onderdonk, Ph.D. Joseph Silva, M.D.
Supervisor, Infectious Diseases Associate Professor of Medicine
Research Laboratory Division of Infectious Diseases
Veterans Administration Hospital University of Michigan
Medical Center
K.P. Phillips, B.Sc. Ann Arbor, Michigan
Public Health Laboratory
Luton and Dunstable Hospital Jorgen Slots, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Luton, England Associate Professor
Department of Oral Biology
J. Peter Rissing, M.D. State University of New
Chief, Division of Infectious York at Buffalo
Diseases Buffalo, New York
Veterans Administration Hospital
Assistant Professor of Medicine Betsy L. Williams, Ph.D.
School of Medicine Research Assistant
Medical College of Georgia Professor
Augusta, Georgia Department of Periodontics
School of Dentistry
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
INTRODUCTION: CULTURE OF CLINICAL SPECIMENS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
Dwight W. Lambe, Jr.
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine
East Tennessee State University
Johnson City, Tennessee
The literature has numerous articles on culture of anaerobes
from clinical specimens and will not be reviewed. Instead, I will
discuss certain topics which we feel are important in the isolat
tion and evaluation of anaerobes from clinical specimens.
The clinical bacteriologist is responsible for reporting to
the clinician the aerobic and anaerobic growth from clinical speci
mens as well as the antibiotic susceptibility of each pathogen.
Our goal in the clinical laboratory should be to report this infor
mation to the clinician as soon as possible.
Normal Flora
Body sites may contain large or small numbers of normal anaero
bic flora; these normal flora should be avoided in specimen collec
tion. For example, the feces normally contain large numbers of more
than 200 species of anaerobes. Propionibacterium acnes is a normal
inhabitant of human skin. The mouth and throat may contain anaerobic
cocci, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium lentum, Actinomyces and other
anaerobes. The male and female genitalia may contain anaerobic cocci,
Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, as well as other
anaerobes.
Isolation of Anaerobes from Clinical Specimens
Successful isolation of anaerobes from a clinical specimen
depends upon several factors: culture of an appropriate specimen,
appropriate collection and sampling of the infected material, rapid
transport of the specimen in an anaerobic atmosphere to the clinical
laboratory, culture on £reshly made media that will support the