An outline of American history : [пособие]

83 Pages·03.061 MB·Russian

by  Аноп, Агния Федоровна

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Федеральное агентство по образованию РФ
Томский государственный университет
УТВЕРЖДАЮ:
Д&уауФИЯ, профессор
i.K.T ураль
2005 г
AN OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY
Tomsk 2005
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Рассмотрена и одобрена
Методической комиссией ФИЯ
Протокол № ^ от № &У2005г.
<3
Председатель комиссии Н.И.Зеличенко
Зав. кафедрой иностранных языков О.А.Обдалова
Рецензент: Обдалова О. А. зав. кафедрой иностранных языков ФИЯ,
доцент, кандидат педагогических наук.
Составители: Аноп А.Ф. доцент кафедры иностранных языков ФИЯ,
кандидат исторических наук
Аранжина Н.В. ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков ФИЯ
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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Данное пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов
исторического факультета, овладевших достаточными навыками
чтения оригинальной исторической литературы. Пособие построено на
основе оригинальных текстов, рассказывающих о наиболее важных
событиях американской истории, которые могут служить темой для
дискуссии.
Цель пособия - на основе знания нормативного курса грамматики
и владения профессиональным словарем углубить навык понимания
оригинальной исторической литературы и умения в кратком и
обобщенном виде излагать информационный материал, вести беседу
на темы по специальности.
Указанная цель определила комбинированный характер
упражнений:
a) Фонетические упражнения (Be careful to read the following words)
предназначены для повторения и систематизации основных правил
чтения.
b) Лексические упражнения, такие как:
- Suggest the Russian/English for the following. Consult the text.
Form nouns from the following verbs.
Find in the text the words close in meaning to the following...
Use prepositions.
Find in the text the words with the following suffixes.
Arrange the following words in the pairs of synonyms.
Match the word in A with the word in В.
Group the words close in meaning.
Try to explain the following word combinations in the English
language.
Choose the words from those given below according to their
interpretations;
построены на материале текста и предназначены для активизации
исторической лексики, встречающейся в тексте.
Грамматические задания направлены на активное усвоение
отдельных грамматических структур таких, как эмфатические
конструкции It is...that; It is not...until, бессоюзные придаточные,
определительные предложения, функции глаголов should и would и
другие.
Речевые упражнения имеют целью совершенствовать умение
связно высказываться в ситуациях, основанных на материале текста и
включают задания, способствующие пониманию текста и
Л
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Ряд упражнений имеет целью развитие умения кратко излагать
прочитанный материал (Complete the following statements to obtain a
summary of the text; Complete the following chart to tell about...).
Речевые задания типа: Comment on the following facts; Speak on the
topics; Express your opinion; Express agreement or disagreement with the
following statements ставят целью совершенствовать умение
оперировать полученной информацией и строить высказывание на
этой основе.
Авторы
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CHAPTER 1
“ HEAVEN AND EARTH NEVER AGREED BETTER TO FRAME
A PLACE FOR MAN’S HABITATION”.
John Smith, 1607
THE FIRST AMERICANS
At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 B.C., much of
the world’s water was contained in vast continental ice sheets. As a result,
the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its current level, and a land
bridge, known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At
its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A
moist and treeless tundra, it was covered with grasses and plant life,
attracting the large animals that early humans hunted for their survival.
The first people to reach North America almost certainly did so
without knowing they had crossed into a new continent. They would have
been following game, as their ancestors had for thousands of years, along
the Siberian coast and then across the land bridge.
Once in Alaska, it would take these first North Americans thousands of years more to
wotk their way through the openings in great glaciers south to what is now the Uhited
States. Evidence of early life in North America continues to be found Little of it,
however, can be reliably dated before 12,000 RG; a recent discovery of a hunting lockout
in northern Alaska, for example, may date from almost that time. So too may the
finely crafted spear points and items found near Qovis, New'Mexico.
Similar artifacts have been found at sites throughout North and South America,
indicating that life was probably already well established in much of the Western Hemi­
sphere by some time prior to 10,000 B.C.
Around that time the mammoth began to die out and the bison took its place as a
principal source of food and hides for these early North Americans. Overtime, as
mere and more species of large game vanished — whether from overhunting or
natural causes — plants, berries and seeds became an increasirgly important part of
the early American diet. Gradually, foraging aid the first attempts at primitive
agriculture appeared Indians in what is now central Mexico led the way, cultivating
com, squash and beans, perhaps as early as 8,000 RC Slowly, this knowiec^e spread
northward
By 3,000 B.C., a primitive type of corn was being grown in the river valleys of
New Mexico and Arizona. Then the first signs of irrigation began to appear, and by
300 B.C., sigps of early village life.
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By the first centuries A.D., the Hohokum were living in settlements near what is
now Phoenix, Arizona, where they built ball courts and pyramid-like mounds reminis­
cent of those found in Mexico, as well as a canal and irrigation system.
EXERCISES
1. Be careful to read the following words.
Height, Beringia, item, bison, foraging, Phoenix.
2. Suggest the Russian for.
The first people to reach North America; they would have been
following game; it took them thousands of years to work their way;
evidence of early life; it can be reliably dated; a hunting lookout; items
found near Clovis; overhunting or natural causes; ball courts.
3. Suggest the English for the following. Consult the text.
Крупные животные, на которых охотились древние люди; не зная,
что они перешли на континент; они преследовали диких животных;
проложить путь; приблизительно в это время; все более и более
входили в рацион; пирамидальные насыпи.
4. Look through the text and complete the list of derivatives.
Discovery - , finely - , reliably - , hemisphere - , overhunting - ,
increasingly - , settlement - , irrigation - , pyramid - like - , knowledge - ,
northward -.
5. Дайте два примера вариантных соответствий следующих слов.
Ex. То work for peace - to work way.
Height -, bridge -, item -, around -, game -, settlement -.
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What kind of a bridge was there between America and Asia?
When?
2. What made the early settlers in America come from Siberia?
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3. How long did it take them to settle on the continent? Why?
4. What items are evidence of early life?
5. What time are they dated from?
6. What is the evidence of a civilized life in North America?
7. Fill in the chart to tell about the evidence of early life in North
America.
12.000 B.C. - a recent discovery of a hunting lookout in Northern
Alaska.
10.000 B.C. -
8.000 B.C. -
3.000 B.C. -
300 B.C. -
lc. A.D. -
MOUND BUILDERS AND PUEBLOS
The first Indian group to build mounds in what is now the United States
are often called the Adenans. They began constructing earthen burial sites and
fortifications around 600 B.C. Some mounds from that era are in the shape of birds or
serpents, and probably served religious purposes not yet fully understood.
The Adenans appear to have been absorbed or displaced by various groups
collectively known as Hopewellians. One of the most important centers of their culture
was found in southern Ohio, where the remains of several thousand of these mounds still
remain. Believed to be great traders, the Hopewellians used and exchanged tools and
materials across a wide region of hundreds of kilometers.
Byaround 500A.D., the Hopewellians, too,disappeared, gradually giving way
to a broad group of tribes generally known as the Mississippians or Temple Mound
culture. One city, Cahokia, just east of St. Louis, Missouri, is thought to have had a
population of about 20,000 at its peak in the early 12th century. At the center of the city
stood a huge earthen mound, flatted at the top, which was 30 meters high and 37 hectares
at the base. Eighty other mounds have been found nearby.
Cities such as Cahokia depended on a combination of hunting, foraging, trading and
agriculture for their food and supplies. Influenced by the thriving societies to the
south, they evolved into complex hierarchical societies which took slaves and practiced
human sacrifice.
In what is now the southwest United States, the Anasazi, ancestors of the
modern Hopi Indians, began building stone and adobe pueblos around the year 900.
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These unique and amazing apartment-like structures were often built along cliff faces;
the mostfamous, the "cliff palace" of Mesa Verde, Colorado, had over
200 rooms. Another site, the Pueblo Bonito ruins along New Mexico's Chaco River, once
contained more than 800 rooms.
Perhaps the most affluent of the pre-Columbian American Indians lived in
the Pacific northwest, where the natural abundance offish and raw materials
made food supplies plentiful and permanent villages possible as early as 1,000 B.C. The
opulence of their "potlatch" gatherings remains a standard for extravagance and festivity
probably unmatched in early American history.
EXERCISES
1. Read carefully the following words.
Burial sites, era, Southern Ohio, hierarchical, ancestor, unique.
2. Suggest the Russian for the following.
They appear to have been absorbed; give way to; just east of St. Louis;
in the early 12-th century; around the year 900; along cliff faces; as early as
1,000 B.C.; standard for extravagance and festivity; unmatched in American
history.
3. Дайте два примера вариантных соответствий следующих слов'.
Ex. Cliff face; clock face
Appear - , just - , room - , standard - , match - , range - , account - ,
element -.
4. Choose the correct answer.
1. The most amazing mound structures in America are found:
a. in southern Ohio; b. just east of St. Louis; c. in Mesa Verde, Colorado.
2. The most ancient American Indian cultures are those of:
a. the Adenans; b. the Mississipians; c. the Anazazi.
3. Pre - Columbian Indians’ riddles to be explained are:
a. ancient mounds and fortifications; b. human sacrifice practices; c.
“potlach” gatherings.
4. The earliest farmers in Pre - Columbian America lived in:
a. Mexico; b. Missouri; c. Pacific northwest
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5. Answer the following questions.
1. Where are the most ancient mounds found? What time do they date
from?
2. Which of the mounds still present a mystery to solve?
3. What ancient Indian peoples were mound builders?
4. Which of the pre-Columbian Indians were the most afluent?
6. Tell about the Adenans, Hopewillians and the Anasazi comparing them
in terms of time, place, culture.
NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES
The America that greeted the first Europeans was, thus, far from an empty
wilderness. It is now thought that as many people lived in the Western Hemisphere as in
Western Europe at that time — about 40 million.
Estimates of the number of Native Americans living in what is now the United States at
the onset of European colonization range from two to 18 million, with most historians tending
toward the lower figure. What is certain is the devastating effect that European disease had on
the indigenous population practically from the time of initial contact. Smallpox, in
particular, ravaged whole communities and is thought to have been a much more direct cause
of the precipitous decline in Indian population in the 1600s than the numerous wars and
skirmishes with European settlers.
Indian customs and culture at the time were extraordinarily diverse, as could be
expected, given the expanse of the land and the many different environments to which they
had adapted. Some generalizations, however, are possible.
Most tribes, particularly in the wooded eastern region and the Midwest, combined
aspects of hunting, gathering and the cultivation of maize and other products for their food
supplies. In many cases, the women were responsible for farming and the distribution of
food, while the men hunted and participated in war.
By all accounts, Indian society in North America was closely tied to the land.
Identification with nature and the elements was integral to religious beliefs. Indian life
was essentially clan-oriented and communal, with children allowed more freedom
and tolerance than was the European custom of the day.
Although some North American tribes developed a type of hieroglyphics to
preserve certain texts, Indian culture was primarily oral, with a high value placed on the
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recounting of tales and dreams. Clearly, there was a good deal, of trade among various
groups and strong evidence exists that neighboring tribes maintained extensive and
formal relations - both friendly and hostile.
EXERCISES
1. Be careful to read the following words.
Estimate (n, v), colonization, ravage, identification, hieroglyphic.
2. Suggest the Russian for the following.
Empty wilderness; range from ... to 18 ml; given the expanse of land;
many different environments; by all accounts; identification with nature and
the elements; clan-oriented and communal life; place high value.
3. Suggest the English for the following.
Сейчас считается; причем большинство историков склоняется;
непосредственная причина; заметный спад; адаптироваться к; быть
ответственным за; неотъемлемая часть; велась широкая торговля;
как... так и.
4. Comment on the following statements.
1. In the early 17-th century America was as densely populated as Europe.
2. The decline in Indian population was caused by wars with European
settlers.
3. There was a class differentiation in Indian society.
4. Indian women were highly respected.
5. We know about ancient American cultures primarily from tales.
5. Form nouns from the following verbs.
Hunt - hunting, colonize -, decline -, generalize -, gather -, cultivate
-, farm -, distribute -, identify -, free -, tolerate -, place -, relate -.
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