An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades PDF
Preview An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades
rian Broo ank r<l)'YI;;~il.;s---~-----, I AglaJ;hoti.a I i '!;AginsKosmas '2 Agi.osf'etrt>s· . 3 ,:Agia,St.cphano" 4 IArch.anes· 5 l\"~il1"· 6I i i\skltario 7 1IAsomatos g II Chamaizi 9 , ChtysokaminQ 10I: 1Cyclops(;l.ve 11 1lE_mpo·no .1-2 I :IMrcsis 13 1 I Fril.ndtthicave 'bl !I G{)Urtli,l 15 ,Her,ajon .16 .. I·l,~s~)s. 17 I. Kalvthiesc.we 18 ,, K.i>.Ir,vSlos·cave .J.9 I·Kastff(KYlh~b) 20 I Kipl>rissic,w~ 21 :Kitsoscavl' .22 !I Knid<1s. 23 :1 Kl>.IlSS()$ '24 I I!<okml:'il. -2"5,'6"11, 1Ulvrkm . ! Lefkandl 27 !l~rn". 28 i Limankpc 29 ·1 M.ilia 30 ·····1.~ iMal1.ika 31 tMH~tus 32- IMochk!$ 33 ,..~. CJiR.lS.T1ANA1..:1'fERA i!:IiP'-Va.1tylyarctitck>Msasetru 33~'56H I l1>al11llU<\ 37 1f'uximarli 38 IfKAegyi.tlorinsiil;;;;~~-~---- !Ii-ACAvnvaMy!s;lsmiosd~li_.l1.i_·\(.as_1·fi--~---222oJ2TKIioUK;\r;kapsksoit«u;ldctes-s-~~---~-~44"12Tf!i~PPyllr:merbioragse$ -----"(6M;231I! ·I1iPIPi'>ehttakr,a~sJtsodsa 3441t9l IIi,I AAAAgggghiii1ooo.issMAlLcanunr:ulillnlkn;gari$ysmi :452I- I!IIiCDDDhcMocmklknJcaotnh!mccisglyloatll·(kXulSitailvos 222253641!lMUM.va~nnutrmfkdOiiun~llalAithal.n~.sou 44443645 : }.lRP:','yre-o)rliWngssio('ls~t"s" 66667865 i.iI1 I1i:·PflP:'lo'y.oU,rkgct"ucroshimn!i.<ve.. 4~~44.\H1!532i.7:I i ·1 R.phiIl.<' i\giosr:"n\elcirmm 6 Drios 27 M,wrispi!ia 47 Riwbsrelli" 69 1!. AglO$SOSI1S 7 IIGerMi· 28 Maz<~reko 411 !iSa.liagos 7() ! .,' nTh'c,"h.iWesU11illcave 48 AgiasThc,)(jl)n)s 8 Glypha .19 I MikriVig!a 49 Snngrt 71 . .'j·hetmi 49 I ] Agtilhtl(uuphOllisi) 9 Gmua-i\plomllla 30 IMinr>" SO 1Sknrkos 72 .! Tiryns .~"J .1iIIAAAA.klkgIrtaloiNsltiii.minl(k(MNidlloWs)S) 11Wn12 1i:i·KKKK.aa~rmvpmwposuonsa.ot.llk"skMliwa·ikli. 33331334 Ii1'I MMfN"(totlMKtHin!ty(al~naothuoms 55551423[IIiSSSSpfpklelaodlN\h.loiryskcshi:. ,t,e77'13445 I!It·;lTTV;r,sat!'so"!ly.Hu£~nk_ig~b, ~~~__:-2iS5Un,2:l Ii: I AAkhrooltir;,ri<i>(nThOeumri)nll 1154 IlKKn~Jl,sitn~((~~Ytfl(d)«S))S) st)e23.1: Ill:'a'R(lIuIcr'amos 5556 IIl.SSty\{b)mphmyb,, 7776 I I Amipal<lscnv,", 16 I Kawo 36 11'~lrOi,kht 57 Vani 7.8 : I .! i Aphendika 17 !<lW(IS sce24 P.h,; 58 Voul>.i. 79 I i ! ApJolllltlaSee30 Kephnla .37 l'hhmda 59 IXyl"kc.ratidl SO: I za~ ! ~A~tkels.inmi r~ . ..1H2l.·1J KKOmU)}Jh;:;"utl'lAatim,esniou __:. J?3_8-,1PI'hhYlldnika~l'l ..6~0_~Z··~~!!c~a~v~e~I ~8~1J The Cyclades,showingsitesmentionedand coastlinesas tl1ey existedin the fiftl1 to tl1ird millenniaBC. Contours atc. 160,330,660and 1000m. TheAegean,showingthemainregions andsitesmentioned. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades CYPRIAN BROODBANK .:..... CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ThePittBuilding.TrumpingtonStreet.Cambridge.UnitedKingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS TheEdinburghBuilding.CambridgeCB22RU. UK 40West20thStreet.NewYorkNY10011-4211.USA 477WilliamstownRoad.PortMelbourne.VIC3207.Australia RuizdeAlarc6n13.28014Madrid.Spain DockHouse.TheWaterfront.CapeTown8001.SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org ©CambridgeUniversityPress2000 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements. noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout . To my motherandfather thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. W'ho taught me how to live Firstpublished2000 Firstpaperbackedition2002 To Valasia Typeface MonotypePlantinLight 10/14pt. System QuarkXPress™ For life AcataloguerecOIdforthisbookIsavailablefmmtheBrftjshLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Broodbank.Cyprian. AnislandarchaeologyoftheearlyCyclades1CyprianBroodbank. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN 0521782724 1.Cyclades(Greece)-Antiquities. 2.Greece- Antiquities. 3.Cyclades (Greece)- Civilization. 4.Islandpeople- Greece- Cyclades. 5.Bronze Age- Greece- Cyclades. 1.Title. DF221.C93 B762000 939'.15-dc21 00-024174 ISBN 0521782724 hardback ISBN 0521528445 paperback CONTENTS Listoffigures pageX Listoftables XlV Acknowledgements xv Listofabbreviationsanddatingconventions XVlll Prologue: islands of'prehistory' 1 Whitherisland archaeology? 6 2 Cycladic approaches 36 I I 3 Islands, people and seafaring 68 4 The dawn treaders 107 5 Cultures ofcolonisation 144 6 Small worlds 175 7 Whichislands in the stream? 211 8 Paint, paddles and the politics ofvalue 247 9 Ulysses withoutsails 276 10 An altered archipelago 320 11 The emergence ofMinoan dominance 350 12 Cycladic archaeologyas island archaeology 362 References 368 Index 402 Listoffigures xi FIGURES 32 Kephala and its environs 119 33 Neolithic Cycladicflaked-stone points 121 34 Neolithic sites in the Cyclades 122 35 North-eastMelos showingthelocation ofNeolithic sites. 124 36 Axes ofentryinto the Cyclades for short-range colonisinggroups 132 37 The high island chain: Samos, Ikaria and Naxos 134 38 Expansion model for colonisation ofthe Cyclades from Attica and Euboia 135 39 Target/distance analysis for colonisation ofthe Cyclades from the The Cyclades Frontispiece south-eastAegean 136 TheAegean Frontispiece 40 Expansion modelfor colonisation ofthe Cyclades from the south-eastAegean 138 1 Chronology, terminology and majorsynchronisms XIX 41 Microlocations ofSaliagos culturesites 147 2 Ways ofvisualising islands and islandscapes 24 42 Kephala cemetery 150 3 TheMediterranean, south-west Oceania and the Caribbean 39 43 Distribution ofGrotta-Pelos culture and other contemporarysites 151 4 Maximum seaward visibilityfrom land in the Mediterranean 40 44 Atypical Grotta-Pelos cemetery: Lakkoudes on Naxos 152 5 The Cyclades and select otherisland clusters 42 45 Final Neolithiccopperflat axefrom the Zas cave 160 6 Recentwork on early Cycladi sites and landscapes 49 46 Distribution ofselectlater Neolithic prestige objects found in the Cyclades 161 7 An exploration indexfor the early Cyclades 52 47 Distribution ofNeolithiclight-on-dark potteryin the southernAegean 162 8 The price ofesteem: Daskaleio-Kavos looted 59 48 MtZas 165 9 The descent ofCycladica 61 49 Elements ofthe proposed Grotta-Pelos exchange culture 168 10 A critique ofproportionalityin Cycladicfigurines 62 50 Distribution ofGrotta-Pelos culture marble vessels 169 11 Painted decoration on Cycladicmarblefigurines 63 51 The diversityofanthropomorphicfigurines from theearly Cyclades 172 12 The Cyclades as a kyklos around Delos 69 52 Terrell's proximal point analysis for the Solomonislands 182 13 Six Cycladicislandscapes 72 53 Proximalpointanalysisfor the Cyclades 184 14 Island size in the Cyclades 73 54 Naxian worldlets 188 15 Inter-island distance in the Cyclades 75 55 Changingmaritime orientationin the Cyclades 189 16 Three-dimensional computer-generated view ofthe south-east Cyclades 76 56 Remote and parochial zones in the Cyclades 192 17 Rainfall and hydrology in the Cyclades and rainfall insurrounding areas 77 57 Islands with Grotta-Pelos culture sites compared with the PPA 1network 199 18 Inter-annual fluctuation ofrainfall onMelos 79 58 Corbelledgraves at Chalandriani cemetery on Syros 200 19 Cycladic geology and mineral resources 80 59 Corbelled grave distribution compared with PPA4 network 201 20 The composition offaunal assemblages atearly Cycladic sites 82 60 Painted, incised and stamped-and-incised potteryofthe Early BronzeII 21 Currents and winds in the Cyclades 93 Cyclades 203 22 Agricultural tasks and the sailing season in the Aegean 95 61 Pedestal-based jarvariants and their distributions 204 23 Early BronzeAge Cycladic boat depictions 98 62 Thecreationofa south-east Cycladic islandscape: interaction andmaterial 24 Dailytravel range in the early Cyclades 103 culture 208 25 An experimentalreed-boatand its Cycladic voyage 104 63 Chalandriani-Kastri 213 26 Model phases for thesettlementofan island 109 64 Hedgehogfigurine from Chalandriani cemetery 216 27 The sinking ofCycladia 112 65 AgiaIrini 217 28 PartofStaNychia obsidian quarry on Melos 114 66 Grotta-Aplomata 219 29 Mesolithic sites in the Aegean 115 67 Daskaleio-Kavos and Kavos North 224 30 Aegeanislands colonised in the Neolithic and EarlyBronzeAge 118 68 Partoftheso-called 'Keros hoard' 226 31 Saliagos and its environs 119 69 Marble vesselsfrom sanctioned archaeological work atDaskaleio-Kavos 227 Listoffigures xii Listoffigures Xlll 70 Kavos North 231 110 Two majorMiddle BronzeAge Cycladic settlements: Phylakopi and 71 Quantitativefabric analysis ofthe surface material from Daskaleio-Kavos 233 Mikri Vigla 329 72 Pottery importlevels atselected CycladicEarly Bronze II sites 234 111 Distribution ofPhylakopiI culture sites· 330 73 Provenance ofimports at Daskaleio-Kavos 235 112 PhylakopiI 331 74 Painted potteryfrom Daskaleio-Kavos 236 113 TheEarlyBronzeIII 'gap' 332 75 Nodes ofintense communicationin the Cyclades 239 114 ProximalPointAnalysis 5 339 76 lslandscape seenfrom Daskaleio-Kavos 242 115 Design on aMinoan sealillustrating a sailingship 342 77 Syros: settlementpattern and the islandscape seenfrom Chalandriani-Kastri 243 116 Images ofthe newshippingin the Cyclades found atPhylakopi 344 78 Similarfigurine heads with differentdecoration 248 117 Modelfor the transformationofsettlementin thesouth-east Cyclades 348 79 Equipmentfor bodydecoration and modificationfrom burial contexts 250 118 PhylakopiI culturepyxis from theAgios Loukas cemetery 349 80 Greenstone symbolic cruciblefrom Amorgos 251 119 Distribution ofduckvases in theAegean 352 81 Symbols ofmaritime travel, navigation and swiftness 252 120 Threemajor Aegean interactionzones atthe startofthe Middle BronzeAge ·355 82 Marble harpistfigurine said to comefrom Keros 254 121 Dendritic pattern ofmaritime trade centred onpalatial Crete 357 83 The ideology offighting: a hunter-warriorfigurine and a 'silvered' dagger 255 122 MiddleMinoanimports from palatial Cretefound atPhylakopi 358 84 Areasfavourable to the organisation oflongboat activityin the Cyclades 257 85 One-daytravel ranges from major EarlyBronzeIIisland centres 261 86 Number ofgravegoods pergravein the Agioi Anargyroi cemetery 264 87 EarlyBronze II Cycladic distributions ofmarblefigurines and painted pottery 266 88 Skeuomorphismseenin clayjugs 271 89 Two island tradingsystems compared: the Cycladic and Siassinetworks 274 90 Majorsites ofthe EarlyBronze IIAegean 280 91 Distribution ofobsidian finds in the southernArgolid 281 92 Selection oflargeEarly BronzeII Aegean settlements 282 93 TheEarlyBronze II Aegean as amargin ofthe NearEasternworld system 284 94 Major maritime routes ofthe Early BronzeAge Aegean 289 95 Two Cycladic metal-processinglandscapes: Agios Sostis and Skouries 295 96 Distribution oftalc ware 296 97 Chrysokamino and its environs 299 98 Themain sites involved inlong-rangeKampos group trade 300 99 Kampos group bottle 301 100 Distribution ofselectinter-regional trade objects ofearlierEarlyBronze II 305 101 Cycladicimports atKnossos, Crete, inEarly BronzeII 307 102 PrincipalKastri group shapes 310 103 Distribution ofKastri group pottery in the Aegean 312 104 Distributionoffortified sites in the Cyclades 314 105 Fortified settlements: Kastri, Mt Kynthos and Panermos 315 106 Changingpatterns ofEarly BronzeAge Cycladic long-range interaction 319 107 Phyhikopi I culturerock-cuttombs at Phylakopi 323 108 Duckvasefound onAmorgos 324 109 Distribution oflaterMiddle Bronze Age Cycladic sites 327 TABLES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 Island demography in the early Cyclades page90 Iam debtorbothtothe Greeks,and to thebarbarians;both 2 Iconographicfeatures oflongboats and othercanoes 98 to thewiseand to theunwise. ROMANS 1.14 3 Performance parameters and functions oflongboats and other canoes 102 4 Ranked size/distance scores for Cycladic islands 130 John Cherryenabled aman who loves islands to become an archaeologistwho could 5 Large Cycladic cemeteries and theirburying populations 178 also analyse them, ToddWhitelaw broughtmethod and awealth ofadvice to temper 6 Percentage ofpoints with differentdegrees ofseafaring orientationin the excesses ofislomania, Andrew and Susan Sherratt ensured that island research each PPA 190 neverbecameinsular,andChrisChippindaledrovemetoprovethatanearlyCycladic 7 Relative popularity ofpainted, incised and stamped-and-incised decoration 202 history might be written. To these teachers, and likewise to Peter Warren, I owe the 8 Potteryshapes with painted decoration at four investigated Cycladic sites 205 best part of my education in archaeology. Among many scholars working in the 9 Painted motifs atthe investigated Cycladic sites 206 Cyclades who have shared their thoughts withme, itis a particularpleasure to thank 10 Two rich south-eastCycladicburials ofEarly BronzeII date 265 JackDavis,AngelikaDouzougli,algaHadjianastasiou (Filaniotou),MarizaMarthari, 11 Phylakopi: nomenclature, diagnostics, cultureattributions and dates 322 David Wilson and Kostas Zachos. Among otherAegeanists,Jeremy Rutter and Paul 12 Comparativeboatperformancefor canoes and sailing ships 345 Halsteadhavealways beenmorethangenerouswiththeiradviceandencouragement, andtheoverall developmentofthe ideas aboutislands thatareelaboratedinthis book owes a profound debt to the intellectual examples set byJohn Terrell, Chris Gosden and Nicholas Purcell. The doctoral dissertation from which this book derives w;s researched under the ever-stimulating and exacting supervision ofJohn Cherry, and for shorter periods under Colin Renfrew and Henry Hurs!. I thankthem allfor theirsupportand cajol ing, and the first in particular for bearing the brunt ofthe task. I further thankJoan Oates,withoutwhosestaunch supportatacritical juncturethis research mightnever have beencompleted. Likewise to myexaminers, ToddWhitelawand Chris Gosden, Iexpressmywarmgratitude,and apologiseforspoilingtheirChristmaspreparations. Since I started my research, the following institutions have provided a range of researchenvironments that have all contributed in diverse ways to the final product: at CambridgeUniversity,theFacultyofClassics,King's Collegeand GirtonCollege; at Oxford University, University College and the Ashmolean Museum; at London University, the Institute ofArchaeology, University CollegeLondon; and in Greece, theBritishSchoolatAthens.Thelasttwoinstitutions (includingtheFitchLaboratory ofthe British School) I thank in particularfor providing the peace and time to com pletethis book. Forencouragementin myfieldwork Iam grateful to several scholars, but above all to Colin Renfrew, Christos Doumas, Lila Marangou and Photeini Zapheiropoulou, for kindly inviting me to study the potteryrecovered in 1987 from Acknowledgements XVI Acknowledgements XVll the remarkable site ofDaskaleio-Kavos onKeros. Itis through their generositythat I Valasia, who were in on itat the veryend. Quotations are reproduced withkind per drawuponthe 1987materialinthis book. Althoughmyinterpretations donotalways mission of the following publishers: University of Pittsburgh Press for Odysseus accord with their own, I remain extremely grateful for the honour of being able to Elytes' ToAxionEstitranslatedbyE.KeeleyandG. Savidis;Faber& FaberandFarrar, differ from an informed position. For ensuring that the pottery study proceeded Straus & Giroux for DerekWa!cott's Omeros; Faber& Faber and Harcourtfor T. S. smoothly and happily I thank Olga Hadjianastasiou (Filaniotou), DaphniLalagianni Eliot's Four Quartets; and Faber & Faber and Random House for W. H. Auden's On and theever-friendlyguardsattheNaxosArchaeologicalMuseum.Forpermissionto this island. study othermaterial, further thanks extend to Elizabeth Schofield and David Wilson Itshouldbenotedthatthisbookwenttopressjustbeforethreerelevantmajorworks (Agia Irini), Colin Renfrew and Photeini Zapheiropoulou (Phylakopi), and Katie became available. Thefirst ofthese isPeggy Sotirakopoulou'sfinal publicationofthe Demakopoulou (material from Chalandriani-Kastri in the National Museum, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age material from Akrotiri on Thera (Sotirakopoulou Athens). 1999). ThesecondisJosephMaran'smagisterialanalysis ofthelatethirdmillennium Ifurtherthankthefollowingforcreativediscussion,adviceandinformation:Christos BC on the Greekmainland and in the Cyclades (Maran 1998). The third is Georgia Agouridis,DavidAnthony,RobertArnott,LisBacus,RobinBarber,GeorgeBass,John Nakou's outstanding DPhil thesis 'The end ofthe Early Bronze Age in the Aegean: Bennet, Kiki Birtacha, Lucy Blue, Electra Boli, Jeremy Bond, Warwick Bray, Ann material culture and history' (Nakou 2000). Susan Sherratt's comprehensive and Brown, Tristan Carter, Susan Colledge, James Conolly, Tracey Cullen, Peter Day, innovative publication of the Ashmolean Museum's Cycladic material (Sherratt in HayatErkanal,JohnEvans,LesleyFitton,VassoFotou,NoelGale,IanGlover,Yiannis press) was made available inmanuscriptform through the author's generosity, butit Hamilakis, Sue Hamilton, David Harris, Jon Hather, Jan Hekman, Stephen Held, did notprove possibleto providefinal pagenumbers for citations inthis book. Nicolle Hirschfeld, Valasia Isaakidou-Broodbank, Richard Jones, Patrick Kirch, Bernard Knapp, Olga Krzyszkowska, Kurt Lambeck, Sandy MacGillivray, James McGlade, Sean McGrail, Sturt Manning, Ezra Marcus, Toula Marketou, Manolis Melas, Lena Mendoni, Jennifer Moody, Georgia Nakou, Vivek Nanda, Jose Oliver, Clive Orton, Yiannis Papadatos, Edgar Peltenburg, Catherine Perles, Cemal Pulak, DanielPullen,CurtisRunnels,VasifSahoglu,YiannisandEfiSakellarakis,Adamantios Sampson, Guy Sanders, Chris Scarre, Louise Schofield, Stephen Shennan, Peggy Sotirakopoulou,ChristianeSourvinou-Inwood,ZofiaStos-Gale,TomStrasser,Laurie Talalay,JeremyTanner, Robin Torrence, Riza Tuncel, Peter Ucko,Tjeerdvan Andel, Sarah Vaughan, Kadtlee Vitelli, Sophia Voutsaki, Ruth Whitehouse, James Whitley, and many ofmystudents at the Institute ofArchaeology, University CollegeLondon, 1993-99. Iwouldliketo express mygratitude to several people who conu·ibutedmuch to the later stages of this book's gestation. First among equals must come Jessica Kuper, Frances Brownand thestaffofCambridgeUniversityPress for their patience,perse verance and faith in the final outcome, as well as the two readers for the Press who recommended this text for publication. For constructive comments on advanced drafts I equally tl1ank Andrew Bevan,John Cherry,Jack Davis, Paul Halstead, Vicky Jackson, Georgia Nakou (also for compilation of the index), Todd Whitelaw and DavidWilson.Individualcreditsforthefigures aregiveninthecaptionswhereappro priate (unless otherwisestated all photographswere taken bythe author), butIowea more general and heartfelt thanks to three stalwart people for their preparation of many of the figures, namely Andrew Bevan (computer graphics), Stuart Laidlaw (photographs) and Dorella Romanou (line drawings), as well as to Maria Papaconstantinou for help in Athens, and to Sven van Lokeren, Anna Stellatou and ---------------~--~~~~-~~~~~~~-....._...._----------------------- ---- ABBREVIATIONS AND DATING CONVENTIONS '. '>>~veli~s/ ;".'j1tOCeSSrlS IIlC Mycenean LateMinoan JIIB Myceneanpalaces influence IIIA LateMin an II NewPalace LateMinoanI Minoan TheraclUplion influence MiddleMinoanlll Crete MiddleMinoan1I OldPalaceCrete The following abbeviations are used (see also fig. 1): -'-;"..,-'-i------+lhylakopi~ ChristianattIi-M~idF~d~leo:':M~rin~0m~a!:.n-a-E:~-ttIFic;;o:;;;;ntic;;o;-f;;j::-1 ~=="-'-'-"-[ --'--'.,...."/'/- Kastri ~1E-ar-ly-M-in-oa-n-[[]t---p'a-la-tia-lC-r-ete-t-t-----C:='-o--:-:II:--a-p-s--e1---i Aegean-wideperiods: ",'.,''''.''''.1 Keros- 0 EarlyMinoanliB 'Internationalspirit' Akkadian 'empire' ~. Early Syros t---------tandincreasedsmall- OldKingdom LN Late Neolithic Bronze1I I EarlyMinoanlIA scaIecompIeX'lly Egypt,Early Kampos 'f Dynastic FN Final Neolithic I.He Mesopotamiaand EBA (EB I, II, Ill) EarlyBronzeAge (Early BronzeI, II, Ill). Early Plastiras urbanLevant BronzeI EarlyMinoanI MBA Middle Bronze Age Grotta NeolithictoEarly Formationof Pelos BronzeAgesocial statesinEgyptand LBA (LB I, II, Ill) Late BronzeAge (Late Bronze I, II, Ill) andeconomic Mesopotamia transformations early Regionallyspec~fi.c: Earlymetallurgy Final Neolithic EMI, IIA, lIB, III Early Minoan I, IIA, lIB, III (Crete) MM lA, IB, II, III Middle MinoanlA, IB, II, III (Crete) Kephala LMI, II, III Late Minoan I, II, III (Crete) EHI, II, III EarlyHelladic I, II, III (southern Greekmainland) Dates, centuries, millennia and other time-spans are given in calendar years BC or Expansionof Late isla;d AD unless specifiedas uncalibrated radiocarbon years bp (before present). Saliagos Neolithic colonisation Middle Neolithic Early Neolithic Fig. 1 Chronology, terminologyandmajorsynchronismsfortheNeolithicand Early BronzeAgeCyclades,with thelaterBronzeAgesequencesimplified (seealsofurther discussioninchapter2).Adaptedfrom DemouleandPerles 1993,Manning 1995,Renfrew 1972andWarrenandHankey 1989.
Description:The list of books you might like
