An Introduction to Physical Science

797 Pages·2012·110.701 MB·English

by  James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins

Periodic Table of
the Elements
(based on 12C = 12.0000)
6
Representative Representative
Elements 14 Atomic number Elements
Si
Symbol
1* Silicon Name 18
1A 28.086 Atomic mass 8A
1 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
Hy1d.0ro0g8en 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A H4e.0li0u3m
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2 Lithium Berylium Transition Metals Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S2o2d.9iu9m0 Ma2g4n.3e0si5um 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al2u6m.9in8u2m 2S8il.ic0o8n6 Ph3o0s.p9h7o4rus 3S2u.0lfu6r6 C3h5l.o4r5in3e 3A9r.g9o4n8
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.88 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.82 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.904 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astaline Radon
132.905 137.327 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.207 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
7
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium MeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCopernicium Ununtrium UnunquadiumUnunpentiumUnunhexiumUnunseptium Ununoctium
(223) (226) (227) (267) (270) (271) (274) (277) (278) (281) (281) (285) (286) 289 (289) (291) (294) 294
Inner Transition Metals Metals Nonmetals
An atomic mass given in parentheses Lanthanide series
is the mass number of the isotope of
the longest half-life for that element. C58e P59r N60d P6m1 S6m2 E63u G64d T65b D66y H67o E68r T6m9 Y70b L7u1
*The 1–18 group designation has been Cerium PraseodymiumNeodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
recommended by the International Union 140.115 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) but 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
is not widely used. In this book, we refer to
the standard U.S. notation for group numbers Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
(1A–8A and 1B−8B). 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Actinide series
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AN INTRODUCTION TO
Physical Science
Thirteenth Edition
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In memory of James T. Shipman,
founding co-author, colleague,
and friend.
J. D. W. and C. A. H.
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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SHIPMAN • WILSON • HIGGINS
AN INTRODUCTION TO
Physical Science
Thirteenth Edition
JAMES T. SHIPMAN
Ohio University
JERRY D. WILSON
Lander University
CHARLES A. HIGGINS, Jr.
Middle Tennessee State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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An Introduction to Physical Science, © 2013, 2009 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Thirteenth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
James T. Shipman herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
Jerry D. Wilson any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
Charles A. Higgins, Jr. photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,
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Publisher, Physical Sciences: Mary Finch
as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Measurement 1
Chapter 2 Motion 26
Chapter 3 Force and Motion 49
Chapter 4 Work and Energy 78
Chapter 5 Temperature and Heat 104
Chapter 6 Waves and Sound 134
Chapter 7 Optics and Wave Effects 158
Chapter 8 Electricity and Magnetism 192
Chapter 9 Atomic Physics 227
Chapter 10 Nuclear Physics 256
Chapter 11 The Chemical Elements 296
Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding 323
Chapter 13 Chemical Reactions 353
Chapter 14 Organic Chemistry 384
Chapter 15 Place and Time 415
Chapter 16 The Solar System 444
Chapter 17 Moons and Smaller Solar System Bodies 477
Chapter 18 The Universe 507
Chapter 19 The Atmosphere 542
Chapter 20 Atmospheric Effects 575
Chapter 21 Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics 610
Chapter 22 Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoes 640
Chapter 23 Surface Processes 672
Chapter 24 Geologic Time 698
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