An Introduction To Optoelectronic Sensors PDF
Preview An Introduction To Optoelectronic Sensors
Series in Optics and Photonics —Vol. 7 AN INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC SENSORS Series in Optics and Photonics Series Editor: S L Chin (Laval University, Canada) Published Vol. 1 Fundamentals of Laser Optoelectronics by S. L. Chin Vol. 2 Photonic Networks, Components and Applications edited by J. Chrostowski and J. Terry Vol. 3 Intense Laser Phenomena and Related Subjects edited by I. Yu. Kiyan and M. Yu. Ivanov Vol. 4 Radiation of Atoms in a Resonant Environment by V. P. Bykov Vol. 5 Optical Fiber Theory: A Supplement to Applied Electromagnetism by Pierre-A. Bélanger Vol. 6 Multiphoton Processes edtied by D. K. Evans and S. L. Chin Lakshmi - An Intro to Optoelectronic.pmd 2 11/5/2008, 3:29 PM Series in Optics and Photonics — Vol. 7 AN INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC SENSORS Editors Giancarlo C. Righini CNR, Italy Antonella Tajani CNR, Italy Antonello Cutolo University of Sannio, Italy World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. AN INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC SENSORS Series in Optics and Photonics — Vol. 7 Copyright © 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-981-283-412-6 ISBN-10 981-283-412-5 Printed in Singapore. Lakshmi - An Intro to Optoelectronic.pmd 1 11/5/2008, 3:29 PM To Marta and Nicoletta (GCR) To Maria Emilia, Maria Teresa, Maria Alessandra and my Parents (AC) To my Family (AT) v TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk November4,2008 11:17 WorldScienti(cid:12)cBook-9inx6in preface PREFACE Although most of the basic principles of optoelectronic (OE) sen- sors have been known for more than forty years, and optoelectronic sensor technology emerged over the past 10{20 years, the industrial applications are relatively new. The last years, however, have seen a growing interest in this (cid:12)eld, which has resulted in a market growth rate of more than 50% per year. On the other hand, the overall optoelectronic market is quite healthy, nowadays, and is going to be mature as a trillion dollar business. The reasons for the success of OE sensors may be attributed on one hand to the strong decrease of the price of most of the re- quireddevices, also dueto theincreasing di(cid:11)usionoflow-cost optical telecommunication components, and on the other hand to the possi- bility of easily integrating many optical devices in a single chip. The availability of a large variety of new or advanced materials has also contributed to the improvement of the general performance of optoelectronic sensors and of their design (cid:13)exibility. Looking at the scienti(cid:12)c literature, it clearly appears that in the recent years there has been an increasing number of journals and magazines dealing with the subject of sensors, with large room ded- icated to optical and optoelectronic devices. Every year, published papers propose a large number of novel con(cid:12)gurations and applica- tions. Inparallel, a growing numberofindustrialapplications isalso be- ing demonstrated, which run from a better process control to safety and security improvement, with particular care devoted to trans- portation, environment, structural health monitoring and food qual- ity. As diagnostic OE devices continue to be kept smaller, more portable, more energy e(cid:14)cient, and cheaper, their use inbio-medical applications will continue to grow. We can also expect that OE sen- sorswill signi(cid:12)cantly contribute to intelligent information systemsin stationary and mobile applications. Theemergence of nanotechnologies is also having an e(cid:11)ect onOE sensors, and it is likely that integrated nanoscale sensors will revolu- tionizehealthcare,climatecontrol,anddetectionoftoxicsubstances. vii November4,2008 11:17 WorldScienti(cid:12)cBook-9inx6in preface viii Preface According to Michael Lebby, President and CEO of OIDA, the Optoelectronics Industry Development Association (USA), the po- tential market for photonics sensors alone for 2009 exceeds 5 billion dollars, with (cid:12)ber optic sensors taking the lead (Fig. 1).a Chemical (gas) sensors Biomedical Fiber optic sensors sensors Fig.1 PhotonicSensorMarketPotentialin2009. Far from being exhaustive, and according to its title, this book aims at providing a basic background in the (cid:12)eld of optoelectronic sensors for graduate students or for people approaching this (cid:12)eld. We hope, however, that the information provided will be of valu- able interest to physicists, engineers, material scientists and systems designer who wish to obtain a broad review on the subject. Addi- tionally, this book provides an excellent overview of the state of the art of the R&D in this (cid:12)eld in Italy, boasting contributions from renowned academic and industrial experts. For their relevance in a great variety of practical applications, particular attention has been paid here to the (cid:12)eld of optical (cid:12)ber sensors (OFS). Taking advantage of the integration with di(cid:11)erent materials and appropriate micro- and nano-structuring, OFSs have revealed an enormous potential for the design and production of in- novative instrumentation. ahttp://www.opto(cid:13)uidics.caltech.edu/publications/industry.html November4,2008 11:17 WorldScienti(cid:12)cBook-9inx6in preface Preface ix In the (cid:12)rst part of the book, attention is paid to the basic princi- plesandtechnologiesofthemostrelevantOEsensorclasses,fromthe \classical" infrared detectors to the most innovative photonic crys- tal structures, without neglecting fashion THz sensing technologies. Examples of relevant applications are also provided. The in-depth analysis of some application areas is the subject of the second part of the book, where OE sensors for structural health monitoring, environmental monitoring, medicine, materials and pro- cess control, are described and discussed. We would like to thank all the authors for their excellent and timely contributions to this volume; particular thanks are due to the IFAC-CNR authors (Gualtiero, Ilaria, Massimo, Silvia, Simone, Stefano) who also helped with the revision of the text. We are also gratefultoLakshmiNarayananandtheWSPCsta(cid:11)fortheirpatience and support. Giancarlo C. Righini Antonella Tajani Antonello Cutolo ThesupportofCNR|DeparmentofMaterialsandDevicesisgrate- fully acknowledged.
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