An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing

542 Pages·2014·22.251 MB·English

by  Martin S.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING
Second edition
Fully updated, with significant new coverage of advances in satellite oceanography and
results from new satellite missions, the second edition of this popular textbook intro-
ducesstudentstohowremotesensingworks,howtounderstandobservationsfromEarth-
observingsystems,andtheobservations’importancetophysicalandbiologicaloceanog-
raphy.Itprovidesfullexplanationsofradiativetransfer,oceansurfaceproperties,satellite
orbits, instruments and methods, visible remote sensing of biogeochemical properties,
infraredandmicrowaveretrievalofseasurfacetemperature,seasurfacesalinityretrieval,
passive microwave measurements, scatterometer wind retrieval, altimetry and SAR. This
neweditionalsoincludesdescriptionsoftheonlinearchiveswheredatacanbeobtained,
andwherereaderscanobtainonlinetoolsforworkingwiththedata–enablinghands-on
engagementwithreal-worldobservations.
This is an ideal textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students taking
coursesinoceanography,remotesensingandenvironmentalscience,andprovidesaprac-
ticalresourceforresearchersandEarthscienceprofessionalsworkingwithoceanographic
satellitedata.
seelyemartinisanEmeritusProfessorintheSchoolofOceanographyattheUniversity
of Washington. He has been involved with passive microwave, visible/infrared and radar
ice research since 1979, and has made many trips to the Arctic for research on sea ice
properties and oceanography. Professor Martin has served on a number of NASA and
NOAAcommitteesandpanelsinvolvingremotesensingandhighlatitudeprocesses.From
2006–2008, he worked at NASA Headquarters as Program Manager for the Cryosphere,
wherehealsoservedasprogramscientistfortheICESat-1andICESat-2missions.From
2009–2012,heworkedinavarietyofrolesfortheNASAhigh-latitudeIceBridgeremote
sensing aircraft program. For this work, in 2012 he was awarded the NASA Exceptional
PublicServiceMedal.
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AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN
REMOTE SENSING
second edition
SEELYE MARTIN
SchoolofOceanography,UniversityofWashington
Trim:247mm×174mm Top:14.762mm Gutter:23.198mm
CUUK2533-FM CUUK2533/Martin ISBN:9781107019386 November26,2013 12:15
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107019386
Firstedition(cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress
Secondedition(cid:2)c SeelyeMartin2014
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firsteditionpublished2004
Paperbackeditionpublished2011
Secondeditionpublished2014
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyMPGPrintgroupLtd,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
ISBN9781107019386Hardback
Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/oceanremotesensing
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
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Tothememoryofmymother
LucyGrayMartin
April19,1915–June13,2002
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Contents
Preface pagexi
Listofchemicalsymbols xiv
Listofmathematicalsymbols xv
Listofabbreviationsandacronyms xxi
1 Background 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definitionofremotesensing 3
1.3 Satelliteorbits 4
1.4 Geosynchronoussatellites 12
1.5 Sun-synchronoussatellites 13
1.6 Imagingtechniques 15
1.7 Processinglevels,archives,datarecordsandprocessing 22
1.8 Past,presentandpendingsatellitemissions 26
2 Oceansurfacephenomena 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Oceansurfacewindsandwaves 35
2.3 Oceancurrents,geostrophyandseasurfaceheight 46
2.4 Seaice 50
3 Electromagneticradiation 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Descriptionsofelectromagneticradiation 53
3.3 WaystodescribeEMR 61
3.4 Radiationfromaperfectemitter 66
3.5 Theidealinstrument 71
4 Atmosphericpropertiesandradiativetransfer 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Descriptionoftheatmosphere 79
4.3 Molecularabsorptionandemission 86
4.4 Scattering 90
vii
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viii Contents
4.5 Atmosphericattenuation 96
4.6 Applicationtotheidealinstrument 99
4.7 Theradiativetransferequation 101
4.8 Specificsolutionsoftheradiativetransferequation 105
4.9 Diffusetransmittanceandskylight 110
5 Reflection,transmissionandabsorptionattheatmosphere/oceaninterface 113
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Theinterface 115
5.3 Transmissionacrossaninterface 122
5.4 Absorptionandscatteringpropertiesofseawater 126
5.5 Reflectionfromfoam 135
6 Oceancolor 136
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Absorptionandscatteringbyphytoplankton,particulatesand
dissolvedmaterial 139
6.3 Oceancolorsatelliteinstruments 147
6.4 SeaWiFS,MODIS,VIIRSandtheircalibrations 152
6.5 Atmosphericcorrectionandretrievalofthewater-leavingradiance 159
6.6 Surfacevalidationdatasetsandthevicariouscalibration 169
6.7 Chlorophyllreflectanceandfluorescence 171
6.8 Theempirical,semi-analyticandbiogeochemicalalgorithms 174
6.9 ThePre-Aerosol,CloudsandoceanEcosystem(PACE)mission 192
7 Infraredobservationsofseasurfacetemperature(SST) 194
7.1 Introduction 194
7.2 WhatisSST? 197
7.3 PropertiesofAVHRR,MODISandVIIRSbandsusedintheSST
retrieval 200
7.4 Atmosphereandoceanpropertiesintheinfrared 203
7.5 SSTalgorithms 208
7.6 Cloud-detectionandmaskingalgorithms 221
7.7 Errorandbiasofthedatasets 227
7.8 OtherGHRSSTdatasetsandmergedproducts 229
7.9 Illustrationsandexamples 231
8 Introductiontomicrowaveimagers 236
8.1 Introduction 236
8.2 Generalantennaproperties 237
8.3 Measurementofasurfaceradiancewithanantenna 242
8.4 Conicalscannersandmicrowavesurfaceemissivity 244
8.5 Antennapatterncorrection(APC) 245
8.6 Passivemicrowaveimagers 248