An introduction to native North America PDF
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AN INTRODUCTION TO NATIVE NORTH AMERICA An Introduction to Native North America provides a basic introduction to the Native peoples of North America, covering what are now the United States, northern Mexico, and Canada. In this updated and revised new edition, Mark Q. Sutton has expanded and improved the existing text, adding to the case studies, updating the text with the latest research, increasing the number of images, providing more coverage of the Arctic regions, and including new per- spectives, particularly those of Native peoples. This book addresses the history of research, the European invasion, and the impact of Europeans on Native societies. A final chapter introduces contemporary Native Americans, discussing issues that affect them, including religion, health, and politics. The book retains a wealth of pedological features to aid and reinforce learning. Featuring case studies of many Native American groups, as well as some eighty-four maps and images, An Introduction to Native North America is an indispensable tool to those studying the history of North America and its Native peoples. Mark Q. Sutton is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at California State University, Bakers- field, USA. AN INTRODUCTION TO NATIVE NORTH AMERICA Sixth Edition Mark Q. Sutton Sixth edition published 2021 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Mark Q. Sutton The right of Mark Q. Sutton to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Pearson Education, Inc., 2000 Fifth edition published by Routledge 2017 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 9780367543563 (hbk) ISBN: 9780367540463 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003088905 (ebk) Typeset in Interstate by codeMantra Access the companion website: www.routledge.com/sutton CONTENTS Preface xv Acknowledgments xvi 1 Introduction 1 The Geography of North America 2 Culture Areas 4 Ethnography and Ethnology 5 Native North Americans 6 The People 6 Social and Political Entities 7 Population 8 Language 9 Territories and Boundaries 10 Group Names 11 The Role of Women 11 Sex and Gender 12 Contemporary Adoptions of Native American Cultural Traits 13 A Brief History of Anthropological Research on Native North Americans 13 The Impact of Anthropology on Native Societies 15 Popular Views of Native Americans 16 SIDELIGHT: The Domesticated “ Wilderness” 17 SIDELIGHT: The Practice of Scalping 18 A General Prehistory of North America 18 The Origin of Native Peoples in the New World 19 Western Scientific Views on the Origin of Native Americans 20 The Bering Land Bridge 20 The Paleoindian Period 21 The Archaic 22 SIDELIGHT: Hunting Technologies 23 Subsequent Migrations 25 Farming and Increasing Complexity 25 Mesoamerican Influences on Native North America 25 2 European Invasion 27 The Norse Contact 27 Columbus and the Early Exploration of North America 28 European Colonies in North America 28 The Spanish Colonies 29 vi Contents French and Russian Business Interests 29 English Colonies 29 Indian Slavery among the Colonists 30 A Brief History of Governmental Policies toward Native Americans 30 P re- R evolutionary War Policies 30 Native Policies of the United States 31 Manifest Destiny 32 Removal and Reservations 33 The Military Solution 33 Assimilation 34 The Indian New Deal 35 The American Indian Movement 36 Native Policies of Canada 37 Native Policies in Northern Mexico 39 Native Policies in Greenland 40 The Cultural and Biological Impacts of European Intrusion 41 SIDELIGHT: European Disease in the New World 42 The Spanish Mission System 43 Organization of the Missions 44 The Impact of the Missions 45 Native Resistance 45 The Fur Trade 46 SIDELIGHT: Native Tobacco: Then and Now 47 3 Native Peoples of the Arctic 49 Geography and Environment 49 Encountering Europeans 52 The Impact of European Contact 53 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research 53 A Broad Portrait of Arctic Groups 54 Political Organization 55 Social Organization 56 Economics 58 Material Culture and Technology 60 Religion 63 Arctic Peoples Today 63 SIDELIGHT: Arctic Art 64 Learn More about Contemporary Arctic Native Peoples 65 THE UNANGAN ( ALEUT): An Arctic Case Study 66 The Natural Environment 67 Language 67 A Brief History 67 Cosmology 68 Politics and External Relations 68 Social Organization 69 Life Cycle 69 Economics 70 Material Culture and Technology 71 Religion and Medicine 73 Art, Expression, and Recreation 73 The Unangan Today 74 THE INUIT OF QUEBEC: An Arctic Case Study 75 The Natural Environment 76 Language 76 Contents vii A Brief History 76 Cosmology 77 Politics and External Relations 77 Social Organization 78 Life Cycle 79 Economics 80 Material Culture and Technology 81 Religion and Medicine 82 Art, Expression, and Recreation 83 The Quebec Inuit Today 83 4 Native Peoples of the Subarctic 85 Geography and Environment 85 Encountering Europeans 86 The Impact of European Contact 87 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research 87 A Broad Portrait of Subarctic Groups 88 Political Organization 88 Social Organization 89 Economics 90 Material Culture and Technology 91 Religion 91 Subarctic Peoples Today 92 Learn More about Contemporary Subarctic Native Peoples 93 THE WESTERN WOODS CREE: A Subarctic Case Study 93 The Natural Environment 95 Language 95 A Brief History 95 Cosmology 96 Politics and External Relations 96 Social Organization 96 Life Cycle 97 Economics 99 Material Culture and Technology 99 Religion and Medicine 100 Art, Expression, and Recreation 101 The Western Woods Cree Today 101 5 Native Peoples of the Plateau 103 Geography and Environment 103 Encountering Europeans 105 The Impact of European Contact 105 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research 106 A Broad Portrait of Plateau Groups 106 Political Organization 106 Social Organization 107 Economics 107 SIDELIGHT: The Modoc War 108 Material Culture and Technology 110 Religion 110 Plateau Indians Today 111 Learn More about Contemporary Plateau Native Peoples 111 THE NIMIIPUU ( NEZ PERCE): A Plateau Case Study 112 viii Contents The Natural Environment 113 Language 113 A Brief History 113 VIP PROFILE: In- mut- too- yah- lat-l at ( Chief Joseph) 114 Cosmology 116 Politics and External Relations 116 Social Organization 117 Life Cycle 118 Economics 118 Material Culture and Technology 119 Religion and Medicine 120 Art, Expression, and Recreation 120 The Nimiipuu Today 120 6 Native Peoples of the Northwest Coast 122 Geography and Environment 122 Encountering Europeans 124 The Impact of European Contact 125 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research 125 A Broad Portrait of Northwest Coast Groups 126 Political Organization 126 Social Organization 127 The Potlatch 128 Economics 129 Material Culture and Technology 131 SIDELIGHT: Art of the Northwest Coast 132 Religion 133 Northwest Coast Native Peoples Today 133 VIP PROFILE: Chief Seathl 135 Learn More About Contemporary Northwest Coast Native Peoples 135 THE KWAKWAKA’WAKW: A Northwest Coast Case Study 136 The Natural Environment 137 Language 137 A Brief History 137 Cosmology 138 Politics and External Relations 138 Social Organization 139 Life Cycle 139 Economics 141 Material Culture and Technology 141 Religion and Medicine 142 Art, Expression, and Recreation 143 The Kwakwaka’wakw Today 143 7 Native Peoples of the Great Basin 145 Geography and Environment 145 Encountering Europeans 147 The Impact of European Contact 148 VIP PROFILE: Thocmetony ( Sarah Winnemucca), Northern Paiute Leader 149 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research 150 A Broad Portrait of Great Basin Groups 151 Political Organization 151 Social Organization 151 Contents ix Economics 152 Material Culture and Technology 154 Religion 155 Great Basin Native Peoples Today 156 SIDELIGHT: The Ghost Dance Religion 157 Learn More about Contemporary Great Basin Native Peoples 158 THE OWENS VALLEY PAIUTE: A Great Basin Case Study 159 The Natural Environment 160 Language 160 A Brief History 160 Cosmology 161 Politics and External Relations 161 Social Organization 162 Life Cycle 162 Economics 163 Material Culture and Technology 164 Religion and Medicine 165 Art, Expression, and Recreation 165 The Owens Valley Paiute Today 166 THE CHEMEHUEVI: A Great Basin Case Study 166 The Natural Environment 168 Language 168 Cosmology 168 Politics and External Relations 168 Social Organization 169 Life Cycle 169 Economics 171 Material Culture and Technology 171 Religion and Medicine 172 Art, Expression, and Amusement 172 The Chemehuevi Today 172 8 Native Peoples of California 174 Geography and Environment 174 Encountering Europeans 176 The Impact of European Contact 176 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research 177 A Broad Portrait of California Native Societies 178 Political Organization 178 Social Organization 178 Economics 179 Material Culture and Technology 179 Religion 179 VIP PROFILE: Ishi: “ The Last Wild Indian in North America” 180 California Native Peoples Today 181 Learn More about Contemporary California Native Peoples 182 THE YOKUTS: A California Case Study 182 The Natural Environment 183 Language 184 A Brief History 184 Cosmology 184 Politics and External Relations 184 Social Organization 186 Life Cycle 186
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