An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Education

205 Pages·2021·7.627 MB·English

by  Shengquan Yu, Yu Lu

Bridging Human and Machine:
Future Education with Intelligence
Shengquan Yu
Yu Lu
An Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
in Education
Bridging Human and Machine: Future
Education with Intelligence
SeriesEditors
ShengquanYu,SchoolofEducationalTechnology,BeijingNormalUniversity,
Beijing,China
IgIbertBittencourt ,ComputingInstitute,FederalUniversityofAlagoas,
Maceió,Brazil
ThisbookserieswillgatherresearchersfromAItobrainscience,scientistsfromdata
science to cognitive neuroscience; experts from academia to industry, and specifi-
cally pay attentions on the new frontiers and technologies that would transform
future education. This series intends to empower readers a deeper understanding
onfutureeducationfromtheperspectivesofbothenablingtechnologyandlearning
science.Topicsarecoveredbutnotlimitedtothecutting-edgeandmultidisciplinary
research,development,andpracticeamongthefieldsineducationandtechnology.
Forexample,somebookswouldaddresswhatandhowAItechniquescanbeusedfor
enhancing learning and education system.Some books would seek an explanation
on how brain science can connect human brain’s physical activities and cognitive
process. Moreover, this book series would provide policy-makers and educational
stakeholders more quality and equity education, and encourage government and
privatesectorstoinvestmoreresourcesinthedevelopmentofeducationaltoolsand
facilitieswithintelligence.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16427
·
Shengquan Yu Yu Lu
An Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence in Education
ShengquanYu YuLu
AdvancedInnovationCenterforFuture AdvancedInnovationCenterforFuture
Education,FacultyofEducation Education,FacultyofEducation
BeijingNormalUniversity BeijingNormalUniversity
Beijing,China Beijing,China
ISSN2662-5342 ISSN2662-5350 (electronic)
BridgingHumanandMachine:FutureEducationwithIntelligence
ISBN978-981-16-2769-9 ISBN978-981-16-2770-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2770-5
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021
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Preface
How to transform education with artificial intelligence (AI) has been one of the
focal research directions and key work of Advanced Innovation Center for Future
EducationofBeijingNormalUniversityinChina.Thebookisproducedfromour
ongoingworkinthisarea.Thepurposesofthisbookaretoreviewexistingsolutions
ofAIineducationandtobuildbridgesinschools,industries,andresearchinstitutions
soastojointlyexplorethepossibilityoftransformingeducationwithAI.
TopowereducationwithAI,wearesupposedtofocusonbothspecifictechnolo-
gies and the real problems in educational practices. Generally speaking, there are
threecorecomponentsinapplyingAIineducation,includingcomputationalpower,
intelligent algorithms, and real-world scenarios. Among them, knowledge of real-
worldapplicationscenariosiscriticaltothesuccessofAIineducation.Therefore,
thisbookaimstounderstandAIineducationintermsofapplicationscenariosand
pressingissuesineducationalpractices.
Focal themes of AI in education should not be confined only to the intelligent
supports to students’ learning, as well as to the test and assessment of students’
performance.Theotheraspectsofequalimportanceincludethesupporttostudents’
healthy growth and overall development, the support to improve teachers’ work
efficiency, and the support to education administrators. Reforms in education can
onlyoccurwhenAIisseamlesslyintegratedintothevitalservicesofeducation.
ThisbookiseditedbytheresearchteamofAdvancedInnovationCenterforFuture
EducationofBeijingNormalUniversity.Weinvitedexpertsfromfieldsofcomputer
science,education,psychology,cognitiveneuroscience,andsoontoformanedito-
rialboardandexpertcommittee.Afterawholeyear’sjointeffortsandseveralrounds
ofrevision,thisbookfinallycomesintobeing.Thebookiscomprisedofninechap-
ters.Chapter1introducestheimpactofAIoneducationandrelatedbackground.In
Chap. 2, we review primary technologies of AI and general technical solutions in
educationalcontexts.Chapters3–7showhowAIisappliedineducationintermsof
smartlearningenvironments,AI-facilitatedlearningprocess,AI-enhancedlearning
v
vi Preface
assessment, intelligent support for teachers, and AI-supported education manage-
mentandservices.Chapter8summarizesmajorthemesandtrendsofAIineduca-
tion.CriticalissuesandchallengesinapplyingAIineducationarediscussedinthe
finalchapter.
In order to make AI in education more accessible to practitioners, this book
involvesalargenumberofreal-lifecases.Intheearlyphaseofthiswork,wegathered
a collection of cases from schools, research institutions, and enterprises so as to
understandthepracticesbeingcarriedoutbydifferentsectorsofthecommunityin
China.Casesinvolvedinthebookrepresentthespecificscenariosanddirectionsof
solvingeducationalproblemswithAI.Onbehalfoftheeditorialboard,Iamgrateful
toalltheschools,organizations,andcompanieswhomadethisbookpossible.
ThetechnologiesofAIaredevelopingrapidly.However,reformsandchangesin
thefieldofeducationaretakingplacesteadily.Itisimpossibleforustocoverinthis
bookallaspectsofAIineducation.Youradviceorsuggestions,inthisregard,will
bemuchappreciatedandwelcomed.Foranyquestionsandadvice,youcanalways
[email protected]!
Beijing,China ShengquanYu
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 CognitionandLearningintheAgeofAI ....................... 2
1.2 ABriefHistoryofAIinEducation ............................ 2
1.3 TypicalAreasofAIinEducation ............................. 4
References ..................................................... 6
2 AnOverviewofAI ............................................. 9
2.1 BasicApproachesinAI ..................................... 9
2.2 MajorAITechnologies ...................................... 11
2.3 TypicalOpen-SourceAIProjectsandCloudServices ............ 22
References ..................................................... 26
3 IntelligentLearningEnvironments ............................... 29
3.1 SmartCampus ............................................. 32
3.2 CampusSafetyDetectionandEarlyAlarming .................. 35
3.3 SmartClassrooms .......................................... 38
3.4 SmartLibrary .............................................. 45
3.5 IntelligentWritingSystem ................................... 48
References ..................................................... 51
4 IntelligentLearningProcesses ................................... 53
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 53
4.1.1 IntelligentMappingandVisualizingofKnowledge
andCompetency ..................................... 54
4.1.2 IntelligentDiagnosesandRecommendations ............. 58
4.1.3 MonitoringLearningLoad ............................ 64
4.1.4 VirtualEnvironmentforInquiry-BasedLearning ......... 66
4.1.5 IntelligentDomain-SpecificTools ...................... 71
4.1.6 IntelligentlyAssistedLearningBasedonBrainScience .... 80
4.1.7 IntelligentRoboticsandToys .......................... 85
4.1.8 IntelligentAssistantinSpecialEducation ................ 92
References ..................................................... 99
vii
viii Contents
5 IntelligentTeacherAssistant .................................... 101
5.1 IntelligentTutoring ......................................... 102
5.2 IntelligentQuestionAnswering ............................... 108
5.3 IntelligentTestGenerationandEvaluation ..................... 110
5.4 GenerationofReportforEducation ........................... 115
5.5 PersonalizedAssignmentandDialogueSystem ................. 117
5.6 AutomatedAssessmentofSpeaking ........................... 119
References ..................................................... 123
6 IntelligentEducationalEvaluation ............................... 125
6.1 TheDiagnosisandEvaluationofProblem-SolvingSkills ......... 126
6.2 MentalHealthMonitoring,EarlyWarning,andIntervention ...... 131
6.3 PhysicalHealthMonitoringandImprovement .................. 135
6.4 SmartClassEvaluation ...................................... 137
References ..................................................... 140
7 IntelligentEducationalManagementandService .................. 141
7.1 AItoPromoteEducationEquity .............................. 142
7.2 BigDatatoSupportIntelligentDecision-MakinginEducation .... 146
7.3 IntelligentTechnologiestoImprovetheQualityofRegional
Teaching .................................................. 151
7.4 DynamicMonitoringofEducationQuality ..................... 153
7.5 CustomizedEducationServices .............................. 157
7.6 IntelligentMedicalAssistantsatSchool ....................... 160
References ..................................................... 168
8 FrontiersofAIinEducation .................................... 169
8.1 EducationalKnowledgeGraph ............................... 170
8.2 CognitiveDiagnosis ........................................ 172
8.3 StudentModeling .......................................... 174
8.4 EducationalQuestionRepresentation .......................... 176
8.5 MachineReadingComprehensionandScoring ................. 178
8.6 IntelligentTutoringSystem .................................. 180
8.7 NeuroscienceandEducation ................................. 182
8.8 Human–MachineIntegration ................................. 183
References ..................................................... 184
9 ProspectsandReflections:LookingintotheFuture ................ 189
9.1 ProspectsofAIinEducation ................................. 189
9.2 ReflectionsonAIinEducation ............................... 192
9.3 SuggestionsforPromotingAIinEducation .................... 194
References ..................................................... 198
Chapter 1
Introduction
The concept of artificial intelligence (AI) came into being in 1956. For over half
a century, the development of AI technologies and disciplinary applications has
experienced many highs and lows. Since 2006, machine learning, especially deep
learning models, has achieved great success in the fields of computer vision and
speech recognition. As the accuracy of recognition has dramatically improved, AI
haswidelydrawnpeople’sattentioninbothacademiaandindustry[1].
In July 2017, the State Council of People’s Republic of China officially issued
theNextGenerationofAIDevelopmentPlanandidentifiedathree-stepgoal.Under
thejointdriveofnewtheoriesandtechnologies,suchasmobileInternet,bigdata,
supercomputing,sensornetwork,brainscience,andstrongdemandforeconomicand
socialdevelopment,thedevelopmentofAIhasaccelerated.Sofar,AIhasbecomeone
ofthenewfociofinternationalcompetitionandanengineofeconomicdevelopment.
ThedevelopmentofAIshouldtaketheurgentneedsofeducation,medicalcare,
and safety and security into consideration and provide diverse and personalized
high-quality services to the public. The concept of intelligent education has been
put forward in order to use AI technology to accelerate the reform of education,
includingchangesinthetalentsdevelopmentmodelandteachingmethodstobuild
aneweducationsystem[2].
Aroundtheworld,manycountrieshavereleasedrelevantpoliciesandreportsto
deepen the development and application of AI technology. For instance, in 2016,
theUSAissuedPreparingfortheFutureofArtificialIntelligence[3]andNational
ArtificialIntelligenceResearchandDevelopmentStrategicPlan [4]insuccession.
Besides,StanfordUniversityreleasedArtificialIntelligenceandLifein2030[5]as
thefirstproductoftheongoingproject—“OneHundredYearStudyonArtificialIntel-
ligence(AI100).”Pearson,incollaborationwithUCLKnowledgeLab,co-published
Intelligence Unleashed: An Argument for AI in Education [6]. These policy docu-
mentshavebroughtaboutsignificantglobalimpact.Moreover,AIwaslistedasone
ofthecoretechnologiesthatwouldtransformteachingandlearninginthenextfive
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 1
S.YuandY.Lu,AnIntroductiontoArtificialIntelligenceinEducation,
BridgingHumanandMachine:FutureEducationwithIntelligence,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2770-5_1