An introduction to applied electromagnetics and optics

374 Pages·2017·5.09 MB·English

by  Mitin

An Introduction to Applied
Electromagnetics and Optics
An Introduction to Applied
Electromagnetics and Optics
Vladimir V. Mitin Dmitry I. Sementsov
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20160908
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Contents
Preface
List of Notations
SECTION I Electric and Magnetic Fields in Isotropic Media
Chapter 1 Electrostatics
1.1 Electric Charges, Electric Charge Conservation Law,
and Coulomb’s Law
1.2 Electric Field Vector, Principle of Superposition
1.3 Electric Potential and Electric Field Energy
1.4 Gauss’s Law for the Electric Field
1.5 Relation between the Electric Field and the Electric
Potential
1.6 Poisson’s and Laplace Equations
1.7 Electric Field in a Medium, Electric Displacement
Problems
Chapter 2 Magnetostatics
2.1 Interaction of Moving Charges
2.2 Field of Moving Charges and Currents, the Biot-Savart
Law
2.3 Ampere’s Law
2.4 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
2.5 Magnetic Field in a Medium, Magnetic Field Intensity
Problems
Chapter 3 Maxwell’s Equations for Electromagnetic Fields
3.1 Faraday’s Law
3.2 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance
3.3 Magnetic Field Energy
3.4 Transient Processes in Circuits with Capacitors and
Inductors
3.5 Displacement Current
3.6 Maxwell’s Equations
Problems
SECTION II Electromagnetic Waves in Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and
Anisotropic Media
Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Waves in Homogeneous Media without Absorption
4.1 Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum
4.2 Wave Equation
4.3 Plane Monochromatic Waves
4.4 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves
4.5 Superposition of Electromagnetic Waves
4.6 Energy and Momentum of a Wave
4.7 Standing Waves
4.8 Interference and Coherence of Electromagnetic Waves
Problems
Chapter 5 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves at the Interface between Two Media
5.1 Boundary Conditions and Inverse Boundary Value
Problems in Electromagnetism
5.2 Boundary Conditions for the Electric Field of an
Electromagnetic Wave
5.3 Boundary Conditions for the Magnetic Field of an
Electromagnetic Wave
5.4 Laws of Reflection and Refraction of Waves
5.5 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients of Waves
5.6 Total Internal Reflection
5.7 Reflection of a Wave from a Dielectric Plate
Problems
Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic and Optically Active Media
6.1 Structure of a Plane Wave in an Anisotropic Medium
6.2 Dispersion Relation and Normal Waves
6.3 Waves in Uniaxial Crystals
6.4 Refractive Index Ellipsoid
6.5 Optically Active Media
6.6 Waves in Chiral Media
Problems
Chapter 7 Electromagnetic Waves in Conducting Media
7.1 Dielectric Permittivity and Impedance of a Metal
7.2 Skin Effect
7.3 Wave Incidence on a Metal Surface
7.4 Surface Waves at the Interface between a Dielectric
and a Conductor
7.5 Superconductivity
7.6 Quantum Effects in Superconductivity
Problems
SECTION III Electromagnetic Waves in Periodic and Waveguiding Structures
Chapter 8 Waves in Periodic Structures
8.1 Diffraction Phenomena
8.2 Diffraction by a Slit
8.3 Diffraction by a 1D Lattice
8.4 Diffraction by a 3D Lattice
8.5 Waves in Continuous Periodic Media
8.6 Waves in Planar Layered Periodic Structures
8.7 Photonic Crystals
Problems
Chapter 9 Waves in Guiding Structures
9.1 Types of Guiding Structures
9.2 Field Structure over the Conducting Plane
9.3 Field between Two Parallel Metal Planes
9.4 Fields in a Rectangular Waveguide
9.5 Waveguide Operating Conditions
9.6 Damping of Waves in Waveguides
9.7 Reflections in Transmission Lines and Need of Their
Matching
9.8 Two-Wire, Coaxial, and Stripline Transmission Lines
9.9 Optical Waveguides (Lightguides)
Problems
Chapter 10 Emission of Electromagnetic Waves
10.1 Radiation Emitted by an Accelerated Moving Charge
10.2 Radiation Emitted by an Electric Dipole (Hertz
Antenna)
10.3 Radiation of an Elementary Magnetic Dipole
10.4 Directional Diagram
10.5 Types of Antennas
10.6 Horn Antennas
Problems
SECTION IV Advanced Topics in Electromagnetics and Optics
Chapter 11 Electromagnetic Waves in Gyrotropic Media
11.1 Dielectric Permittivity Tensor of Magnetoactive
Plasma
11.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Magnetoactive Plasma
11.2.1 Longitudinal Propagation
11.2.2 Transverse Propagation
11.3 Magnetic Permeability of Ferrites and Magnetic
Resonance in Ferrites
11.4 Waves in a Transversely Magnetized Ferrite
11.5 Waves in a Longitudinally Magnetized Ferrite
Problems
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Waves in Amplifying Media
12.1 Dispersion of Electromagnetic Waves
12.2 Attenuation of Waves in an Absorbing Medium:
Bouguer’s Law
12.3 Amplification of Electromagnetic Waves in a Medium
12.4 Optical Quantum Generators (Lasers)
12.5 Main Features of the Different Types of Lasers
Problems
Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Waves in Media with Material Parameters That Are
Complex Numbers
13.1 Complex Permittivity, Permeability, and Impedance of
a Medium
13.2 Energy Flow in a Medium with Complex Material
Parameters
13.3 Right- and Left-Handed Media
13.4 Media with a Negative Value of One of the Material
Constants: Electromagnetic Tunneling
13.5 Media with Negative Values of Both Material
Constants: Negative Refraction
Problems
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Index
Preface
Modern technology is developing rapidly, and for this reason, future engineers need to
acquire advanced knowledge in science and technology that includes advanced knowledge
of electromagnetic phenomena. Hence, we have developed a course in applied
electromagnetics that resulted in this book. In contrast to the conventional texts on
electromagnetics, substantial attention is paid to the optical part of the electromagnetic
spectrum and to electromagnetic waves in different media and structures. Each topic has
solved examples. Problems at the end of each chapter are supplemented by either hints or
answers to help students to master the material and to solve typical problems of
electromagnetics and optics.
The book consists of four sections. Section I has three chapters that review the most
important aspects of Maxwell’s equations. Students are expected to be familiar with the
material included in Section I from their physics courses taken previously. If students are
well prepared by these prerequisite courses, an instructor can review this section very fast.
Section II (Chapters 4 through 7) and Section III (Chapters 8 through 10) are the core
material of the book. Chapter 4, “Electromagnetic Waves in Homogeneous Media without
Absorption,” covers the basic equations describing electromagnetic waves in a
homogeneous, isotropic, nonabsorbing medium, as well as the basic properties of these
waves.
Chapter 5, “Electromagnetic Fields and Waves at the Interface between Two Media,”
discusses the amplitude and energy, reflection, and transmission coefficients of an
electromagnetic wave at an interface, the laws of reflection and refraction, total internal
reflection, and reflection from a dielectric layer.
Chapter 6, “Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic and Optically Active Media,” is
devoted to topics that are rarely discussed in the previous studies. An anisotropic medium
is one in which physical properties vary along different directions. In an anisotropic
medium, there are specific directions (or a direction known as the axis of symmetry) that
are associated with the structure of the medium or with an external electric and/or
magnetic field. Anisotropy of a medium leads to the fact that the magnitude of a wave
vector, the group and phase velocity of the wave, and its polarization parameters depend
not only on the frequency but also on the direction of the wave propagation with respect to
the axis of symmetry.
Chapter 7, “Electromagnetic Waves in Conducting Media,” covers dielectric
permittivity and impedance of metals, skin effect, and surface waves at the interface
between a dielectric and a conductor. An electromagnetic wave propagating through a
conducting medium loses some of its energy that is transformed predominantly into the
thermal energy of that material. Superconductivity is also discussed as an example of a
conducting medium without losses.
Chapter 8, “Waves in Periodic Structures,” covers in detail diffraction phenomena such
as diffraction by a slit, by a 1D lattice, and by a 3D lattice. Special attention is paid to an
often omitted topic: waves in periodic structures (photonic crystals). Forbidden photonic
bands in the reflection and transmission spectra are formed for a wave propagating in the
periodic medium along a periodicity axis.
Chapter 9, “Waves in Guiding Structures,” in addition to the conventional waveguides
(two parallel metal planes, a rectangular waveguide, and two-wire, coaxial, and stripline
transmission lines), this chapter also covers optical waveguides (optical fibers).
Chapter 10, “Emission of Electromagnetic Waves,” is devoted to emission by
accelerated charges, by an electric dipole (Hertz antenna), and by an elementary magnetic
dipole. Directional diagrams of different sources of electromagnetic radiation and types of
antennas are also discussed. Students are introduced to the near-field zone that extends
from a source to distances that have the same order of magnitude with the wavelength of
the electromagnetic wave generated by the source and to the far-field zone that is located
at a distance much greater than the wavelength of the emitted wave.
Section IV (Chapters 11 through 13), “Advanced Topics in Electromagnetics and
Optics,” introduces students to recent advances in the field of electromagnetics and optics.
In particular:
Chapter 11, “Electromagnetic Waves in Gyrotropic Media,” discusses the
electromagnetic waves in gyrotropic media, magnetoactive plasma, and ferrites. Such
media have the ability to rotate the polarization plane of linearly polarized electromagnetic
waves, which propagate through them. The properties of the media are controlled by an
external magnetic field.
Chapter 12, “Electromagnetic Waves in Amplyifying Media,” addresses the media that
can amplify optical radiation. Amplification of waves in a medium is due to the induced
radiation emitted by the excited atoms of the medium. The basic principles of
amplification are discussed and students are introduced to lasers where amplification
occurs due to the induced coherent emission by excited atoms under the influence of the
electromagnetic wave field.
Chapter 13, “Electromagnetic Waves in Media with Material Parameters That Are
Complex Numbers,” is devoted to a detailed discussion of wave propagation in media for
which the relative dielectric permittivity or the relative magnetic permeability (or both) is
a complex number with a nonzero imaginary part. Electromagnetic tunneling and negative
refraction in media with negative permittivity and permeability are also discussed.
As it has been shortly presented earlier, the book covers both conventional material and
material that is very rarely discussed in undergraduate textbooks, such as superconductors,
surface waves, plasmas, photonic crystals, and negative refraction.
Instructors can use the first 10 chapters for the undergraduate course with a short review
of Chapters 11 through 13.
This book can also be used as a review of electromagnetics and optics for graduate
students. In this case, the first 3 chapters can be discussed briefly, while the last 10
chapters become the focus of the course.
The authors have many professional colleagues and friends who must be acknowledged.
Without their contributions, this work would not have been completed. Special thanks to
the Division of Undergraduate Education of the National Science Foundation for their
partial support of this work through the TUES Program (Program Director Don Lewis