PENGUIN BOOKS THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF BRITAIN GENERAL EDITOR: DAVID CANNADINE AN IMPERIAL POSSESSION David Mattingly is Professor of Roman Archaeology in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Leicester, having held previous university appointments at the University of Michigan and the University of Oxford, where he was a British Academy Post-Doctoral Fellow. His research focuses on the archaeology of the Western Roman Empire and he has carried out fieldwork in Libya, Tunisia, Jordan, Italy and Britain. His publications include An Atlas of Roman Britain (co- author); Tripolitanis; Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Vols 1-2 (co-author); Dialogues in Roman Imperialism (editor); Leptiminus (Lamta: A Roman Port Town in Tunisia, Reports 1-2 (co-author); Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire (co-editor); Economies beyond Agriculture in the Classical World (co- editor); and The Archaeology of Fazzan. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, London. THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF BRITAIN Published or forthcoming I: DAVID MATTINGLY Roman Britain 100-409 II: ROBIN FLEMING Anglo-Saxon Britain: 410-1066 III: DAVID CARPENTER The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066-1314 IV: MIRI RUBIN The Hollow Crown: Britain 1272-1485 V: SUSAN BRIGDEN New Worlds, Lost Worlds: Britain 1485-1603 VI: MARK KISHLANSKY A Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603-1714 VII: LINDA COLLEY A Wealth of Nations? Britain 1707-1815 VIII: DAVID CANNADINE The Contradiction of Progress: Britain 1800-1906 IX: PETER CLARKE Hope and Glory: Britain 1900-2000 DAVID MATTINGLY An Imperial Possession Britain in the Roman Empire, 54 BC-AD 409 PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - 110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England www.penguin.com First published by Allen Lane 2006 Published in Penguin Books 2007 1 Copyright © David Mattingly, 2006 Maps copyright © J. E. Skinner and David Mattingly, 2006 All rights reserved. The moral right of the author has been asserted Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser EISBN: 978–0–141–90385–9 For the Harolds Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface Part One Introduction 1 The Spectre of Empire 2 Sources of Information and Rules of Evidence 3 ‘Nothing for us to Fear or Rejoice at.’ Britain, Britons and the Roman Empire Part Two The Military Community 4 The Iron Fist Conquest (43-83) and Aftermath 5 Britannia Perdomita: The Garrisoning of the Provinces 6 The Community of Soldiers 7 The Fashioning of the Military Identity 8 De Excidio Britanniae: Decline and Fall? Part Three The Civil Communities 9 Forma Urbis: The Development of Towns 10 Townspeople: Demography, Culture and Identity 11 The Urban Failure?
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