An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World PDF
Preview An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 39 Roy J. Shephard An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE VOLUME39 GeneralEditor: STEPHENGAUKROGER,UniversityofSydney EditorialAdvisoryBoard: RACHELANKENY,UniversityofAdelaide PETERANSTEY,UniversityofOtago,NewZealand STEVENFRENCH,UniversityofLeeds OFERGAL,UniversityofSydney NICHOLASRASMUSSEN,UniversityofNewSouthWales JOHNSCHUSTER,UniversityofNSW/UniversityofSydney KOENVERMEIR,CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,Paris RICHARDYEO,GriffithUniversity More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5671 Roy J. Shephard An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World RoyJ.Shephard UniversityofToronto Brackendale,BritishColumbia Canada ISSN0929-6425 ISBN978-3-319-11670-9 ISBN978-3-319-11671-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-11671-6 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957168 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface What need is there for a systematic history of health and fitness? Certainly, our libraries already contain many excellent books that chronicle the disciplinary history of physical education, athletics and sport, both in North America and in otherpartsoftheglobe.Aquicksurveyrevealsatleast14majortextsthatdiscuss the emergence of Physical Education as a respected academic discipline (Schwendener 1942; Leonard 1947; Dixon 1960; Weston 1962; Khan 1964; Hackensmith 1966; Zeigler 1975; Lee 1983; Swanson and Spears. 1996; Welch 2004;LalandNarang2006;Zeigler2006;Tiwatrietal.2008).Moreover,atleast one of these books is devoted to the appearance of specific physical education programmesforwomen(Verbrugge2012). There is similarly a plethora of texts about the development of athletics as a wholeandtheemergenceofindividualsports,particularlyinregardtokeyevents in North America over the past 200 years (Michener 1981; Guttmann et al. 1990; Pope1997;Rader1999;GornandGoldstein2004;Gems2006;Gemsetal.2008; ParkandVertinsky2011).Inalonger-termperspective,PeterMcIntoshhaswritten severalvaluabletreatisesonthesocialcontextofsportoverthecenturies(McIntosh 1970, 1971, 1993). Max and Nancy Howell have looked specifically at the devel- opment of sports and games in the Canadian context (Howell and Howell 1969), and Bruce Kidd has explored the sometimes murky waters of the politics of sport (Kidd1996). However,onlyafewpreviousauthors(Green1988;BerrymanandParks1992; Leavitt and Numbers 1997) have examined interactions between personal fitness andpopulationhealth.Thishiatusintheliteraturebecameapparenttomein2011 CE, when I agreed to write a series of journal-style historical articles for the recently founded Health and Fitness Journal of Canada (Shephard 2011, 2012a, b,c,d,2013a,b,c,d).Myresearchforthisinitiativeconvincedmethattheworld archivescontainedanuntappedwealthoffascinatinginformation.Thetimeseemed ripetocollatethismaterial,andtoprepareadefinitiveillustratedhistoryofhealth v vi Preface andfitnessfromtheearliesthumanrecordstothesophisticationofourPost-Modern Era.IwasthusverypleasedwhenSpringerVerlagalsorecognizedthisgapinour historical, scientific and medical knowledge, and agreed to work with me in preparingthepresentvolume. Althoughthehistoryofhealthandfitnessisasadlyneglectedtopic,itseemsof ever-growing importance from the viewpoints of health economics and social policy. One of the striking paradoxes of our twenty-first century is that although mostnationsaredevotinganever-growingfractionoftheirgrossnationalproducts to the support of state-financed and/or private medical services, at the same time theyfaceachallengingepidemicofobesityandrelatedchronicdisease.Thecurrent medical crisis is in part a consequence of population aging, but a second major causeisthatmostofthepresent generation donotengageinthatdaily volumeof physicalactivitytowhichtheyhaveadaptedconstitutionallyoverthecenturies.In industry, physical labour has been replaced by an ever-expanding demand forsedentary,computer-orientedemployment.Inthehome,power-operatedequip- menthasbeensubstitutedformanually-operateddomestictools.Andaswetravel aroundourcommunities,anurbansprawlprovideslittleopportunityforwalkingor cycling, but requires an ever-increasing period of passive commuting, mainly by privatecar. The remedy seems simple enough – to bring the population of our world’s citiesbackinlinewiththelifestylerequiredbytheirgeneticmake-up,througha general increase in their daily physical activity and a resulting enhancement of personal fitness. The many and extensive health benefits of engaging in regularexerciseweredocumentedduringthelatterpartofthetwentiethcentury, beginningwiththeeffortsofpioneerssuchasJeremyMorris(1910–2009CE)and Ralph Paffenbarger (1922–2007 CE), and continuing with our own Fitness ResearchUnitattheUniversity of Toronto.Suchconceptsgained greaterprom- inence and credence through a series of international consensus conferences held in Toronto from 1988 to 2001 CE (Bouchard et al., 1990, 1994; Kesaniemi et al. 2001), and through the emergence in 2008 CE, under the auspices of the American College of Sports Medicine, of a new scientific grouping entitled the “ExerciseIsMedicineGlobalInitiative.”Thismovementhastwoprimarygoals: • “Tomakephysicalactivityandexerciseastandardpartofaglobaldiseaseprevention andtreatmentmedicalparadigm” • “Forphysicalactivitytobeconsideredbyallhealthcareprovidersasavitalsignin everypatientvisit,andthatpatientsareeffectivelycounseledandreferredastotheir physicalactivityandhealthneeds,thusleadingtooverallimprovementinthepublic’s healthandlong-termreductioninhealthcarecost” These recent endeavours have brought into global prominence not only the positive interplay between an individual’s health and his or her level of habitual activity, but also the need for a well-coordinated and comprehensive community actionplantoencouragetherequiredchangesofpersonallifestyle. The present text examines the many facets of the health/fitness interaction in an historical context, beginning with our knowledge of lifestyle in primitive Preface vii hunter-gatherer communities, where survival needs ensured an adequate level of physical activity, and considering changes in both health and habitual physical activityateachofthesubsequentstagesintheevolutionof“civilization.”Attention is directed to the likely health impacts of a growing understanding of Medicine and Physiology. The progressive emergence of a middle-class is charted, people with a surplus of both time and money, and the opportunity to choose between the adoption of active or passive leisure pursuits. The processes of urbanization and industrialization are considered, coupled with the growing need for public health measures to augment the physical activity of the population. At each stage inthe courseofhistory,the text explores the attitudesthat prelates, politicians, philosophers and teachers have adopted towards the health and fitness of society. Finally, we chart and evaluate the emergence of professional and governmentalinitiativesdesignedtoincreaseinvolvementofthepublicinadequate levels of active leisure through various school, worksite, recreational and sports programmes. The canvas for this text is broad, and I have personally learned a great deal through my explorations of the successful and unsuccessful initiatives of by-gone years. I hope that readers will have a similar experience, and that this detailed surveyofthepastwillprovidethemwithnewideasforaproblemthatcurrentlyis bynomeansresolved. Brackendale,BC,Canada RoyJ.Shephard 2014 References BerrymanJW,ParksR(1992)Sportandexercisescience:essaysinthehistoryofsportsmedicine. 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