An Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Edible Plants Used by Naxi People in Northwest Yunnan, China——A Case Study in Wenhai Village

2013·1.1 MB·

by  Zhang Ling-Ling-

植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报 ,35 ( ):
摇 2013 4 479~486
Plant Diversity and Resources :
摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 DOI 10.7677/ynzwyj201313063
滇西北纳西族传统食用植物的民族植物学研究
———以丽江地区文海村为例*
张玲玲1,2, 张 宇1, 王 利1,2, 王雨华1**
摇 摇
中国科学院昆明植物研究所资源植物与生物技术重点实验室 云南昆明
(1 , 摇 650201;
中国科学院大学 北京
2 , 摇 100049)
摘要: 社会的快速发展加剧了民族传统食用植物及其民族植物学传统知识的流失 粮食危机是全世界一直
。
以来面临的危机 而在发展中国家则更加严重 因此开展传统食用植物的民族植物学研究十分重要和迫
, ,
切 纳西族是滇西北高原上的原著少数民族 在长期生活过程中积累了丰富的传统植物知识 研究采用民
。 , 。
族植物学的原理和方法 于 年对坐落于玉龙雪山山麓的文海纳西族村落开展了野外调查 共访谈信
, 2012 ,
息报告人 人 其中关键信息报告人 人 具体采用了文献研究方法 参与式调查方法 关键人物访谈
89 , 30 。 、 、
法和集体讨论法 结果表明 纳西族传统食用植物表现出物种数 采集时间 食用部位 食用类型 食用
。 : 、 、 、 、
功能 个层面上的多样性 共记录到传统食用植物 种 科 属 与周边玉龙山植物相比
5 。 146 、 45 、 67 ; , 22%
的科和 的属至少有 种食用植物 采集时间可持续全年 春季采集的食用植物有 夏季有
7.4% 1 。 , 20.44%,
秋季有 的食用植物还可在冬季采收 当地食用的植物部位有 种 食用类型有
22.63%, 48.18%, 8.76% 。 8 、
种 种食用植物有药用功能 可预防和治疗 种疾病 多样化的传统食用植物是纳西族抵抗食物短
15 , 66 , 18 。
缺的物质基础 也蕴藏着丰富的资源
, 。
关键词: 民族植物学 纳西族 食用植物多样性
; ;
中图分类号: 文献标识码: 文章编号:
Q948.12摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 A摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 2095-0845(2013)04-479-08
An Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Edible Plants Used
by Naxi People in Northwest Yunnan China
,
A Case Study in Wenhai Village
———
1,2 1 1,2 1**
ZHANG Ling鄄Ling , ZHANG Yu , WANG Li , WANG Yu鄄Hua
KeyLaboratoryofEconomicPlantsandBiotechnology KunmingInstituteofBotany ChineseAcademyofSciences
(1 , , ,
UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences
Kunming650201,China;2 ,Beijing100049,China)
Abstract
: Knowledge of edible plants used traditionally by ethnic groups is in danger of being lost in fast changing
societies, despite the threat of food shortages worldwide. Thus, it is of major importance to conduct ethnobotanical
studies oftraditionaledibleplantsasstillused. TheNaxipeoplearenativetoNorthwestYunnanandhaveaccumula鄄
tedabundanttraditionalbotanicalknowledgeduringtheirexistenceasanethnicgroup. Duringthewholeof2012,we
conducted anethnobotanicalstudyofedibleplantsusedbyNaxilivinginWenhaiVillage,locatedatthefootofYu鄄
long Snow Mountain. The investigation involved a literature research and interviews of89 informants and30 key in鄄
formants. A total of146 speciesofedibleplantsbelongingto48 familiesand67 generaweredocumentedasinuse.
The diversity of edible plants encompassed species diversity, collection time diversity, edible part and consumption
*Foundationitem:GeneralProgramofNationalNatureScienceFoundationofChina(31270379),S&TBasicWorkProgram(2012FY110300)
**Authorforcorrespondence;E鄄mail:[email protected]
Receiveddate: 2013-03-25; Accepteddate: 2013-06-04
作者简介 张玲玲 女 硕士研究生 主要从事民族植物学研究
: (1985-) , , 。 E鄄mail:[email protected]
植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报 第 卷
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diversity, and edible function diversity. It was estimated that22% of plant families and7.4% of plant genera that
comprise the flora ofthesurroundingareaofYulongMountain,eachcontainatleastonespeciesofedibleplant. Ed鄄
ible plants are collected throughout the year, with20.44% of them collected in spring,22.63% in summer,48.
18% in autumn and8.76% in winter. Traditional edible plants vary according to the part that is edible (eight dif鄄
ferent types) and consumed (15 types). In addition,66 edible plants have a medicinal function for preventing or
treating18 different kinds of diseases. The diversity of traditional edible plants used by Naxi people is a rich re鄄
source and provides a material basis for avoiding food shortages.
Key words
: Ethnobotany; Naxi nationality; Edible plants diversity
摇 The ethnobotany studies of the traditional edi鄄 had tasted hundred herbs and got poisoned 70 times
ble plant are rising in the world. The majority of one day冶. So long time experience and recognition
those studies mainly focused on the investigation and are the basis of human choice of edible plant. So far,
documentation of the traditional edible plants (Ong there are not any kind of edible plant which is found
et al et al
., 2012; Bikarma ., 2012; Menendez鄄 directly by scientific research or before folk usage
et al et al et
Baceta ., 2012; Paul ., 2011; Tiwari (Pei and Huai, 2007). Obviously, the traditional
al et al
., 2010; Ali鄄Shtayeh ., 2008). Some other edible plant resource is the tremendous wealth of our
studies concerned about the evaluation and analysis Chinese, but many of them have been disappeared so
of the traditional edible plant by using quantitative e鄄 quickly that even before their value is recognized.
valuation method such as: Informant Consensus Fac鄄 There are 30000 species of edible plants in the
tor, Cultural Importance Index, Use value, Utiliza鄄 nature world and at least 7 000 of them had been
et al
tion Frequency and Fidelity level (Gonza忆lez ., collected or planted for food in one or another times
et al et al
2011; Teklehaymanot ., 2010; Tardio ., in the human history. However, 90% of the edible
2008). Also other studies were interested in com鄄 plants used by people now are formed by20 species,
parison ethnobotanical research to identity the differ鄄 and 50% of the human food only provided by three
ence and analyze the integration and evolution crops: wheat, rice and maize (Lack and Evans,
process of the traditional edible knowledge between 2001), So it goes without saying that the diversity of
et al
different nationalities and cultural (Jain ., the edible plants had lost considerably. The daily
et al et al
2011; Sarma ., 2010; Victoria ., 2005). food of Chinese is mainly composed by few grains
But few studies had engaged in analyzing the diversi鄄 (wheat and rice), and the consumption type are few
ty of the traditional edible plant and discussing its too (Xiao, 2005). The incidence of many chronic
important role in coping food shortage and keeping a diseases (diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hyper鄄
safety food providing system. cholesterolemia, heart disease, etc.) is surging due
The minority areas in China have been experi鄄 to the unbalanced nutrition and poor healthcare func鄄
encing a dramatic change in recent 30 years, this tion of the diet now. So it is significant to increase
exert huge challenges on the inheritance of the tradi鄄 the diversity of our plant food and find certain high
tional knowledge. At the same time, the biodiversity quality healthcare edible plant, the ethnobotanical
have been losing fast in the context of globalization, study of the traditional edible plant is one of the fea鄄
which leads to the even faster loss of the ethnic tra鄄 sible approach.
ditional edible plant knowledge that directly related In recent years, a series of ethnobotanical study
to it. The previous study indicated that only 51%- of the traditional edible plant had been carried out in
20% of the traditional edible knowledge of wild veg鄄 China. Those studies mainly conducted in the south鄄
et al
etable can keep remain in the three generations time ern Yunnan and Inner Mongolia. (Ghorbani .,
et
(Xu and Liu, 2002). It said “The sage Shennong 2012; Wujisguleng and Khasbagen, 2010; Huai
期 et al
4 摇 摇 摇 ZHANG Ling鄄Ling .: The Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Edible Plant Used by Naxi …摇 摇 4摇81
al et al et al et
., 2008;Li .,2007;Pan .,2006;Fang 59忆16.37义 E, 100毅10忆6.23义 N. There are 510 peo鄄
al et al
.,2006; Khasbagen and Soyolt,2008; Man ., ple belonging to 107 households and more than 20
et al
2007; Xu .,2004;Liu and Long,2003;Xu and people are aged over80. Weihai Village is a typical
Liu, 2002; Wang and Long, 1995; Pei and Guo, ancient Naxi Village. It is called “the first village of
1989) The Naxi nationality is an ancient ethnic mi鄄 the snow mountain冶 and locates directly on the west
nority and the related previous researches already in鄄 foot of the first peak of the Yulong Snow Mountain.
dicated that they possess abundant traditional edible Wenhai is a mysterious, quiet and lonely ancient
botanical knowledge. There are abundant edible bo鄄 Naxi village locating in the remote Kamiyama of the
tanical knowledge in the famous Dongba Scriptures, “Ancient Naxi Kingdom冶, The Ancient Tea Horse
besides that,34 edible medical plants were recorded Road past through Wenhai Village on its way to Ti鄄
in the Naxi nationality忆s ancient medical book “Yu鄄 bet (Yang,2009). The Wenhai Village is a plateau
long Materia Medica冶; In addition to that, the asso鄄 basin surrounded by high mountains in four sides
ciated studies conducted in the previous decades also and a relatively isolated living environment is
documented many edible plants,38 traditional edible formed, Wenhai Lake which known as “the lake
flowers and 54 traditional edible medical plants used green as the turquoise冶 is in the middle of the plat鄄
by Naxi nationality had been documented (Pei and eau. There are subalpine coniferous forest on the
Guo, 1989), But by now there is no systematic sunny slope and mixed coniferous on the shady
study of the traditional edible plant used by Naxi na鄄 slope, the surroundings of the lake is meadow.
tionality in Northwest Yunnan.
2摇 Methodology
1摇 Study area
The data were collected during the whole year
The Naxi nationality in China is about 324 679 of 2012, at least half month of the ethnobotanical
and mainly inhabits in Yulong Naxi nationality Au鄄 field work was conducted in four seasons to collect
tonomous County in the Lijiang area (Li, 2001). the detail information of the entire growing cycle of
Their language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto鄄 plant. The method we adopted including literature
Burman of the Sino鄄Tibetan Language. The Naxi na鄄 research, participatory investigation, key informant
tionality had been formed during the southward mi鄄 interview and the group discuss. A total number of
gration of the ancient Qiang People in the Qin Dy鄄 89 informants (49 men and 40 women) were inter鄄
nasty (221 BC鄄206 BC) who had inhabited in the viewed, their age are ranging from 19 to 83. 35 of
Hehuang area of Northwest China (Guo, 1994). A them whose even age are all above 60 were inter鄄
lot of their traditional edible plant and knowledge viewed as key informants. During participatory in鄄
had been recorded in “Dongba Scriptures冶 鄄scrip鄄 vestigation, the work of searching edible plants was
tures of Dongbaism鄄the Naxi nationality忆s special re鄄 done together with the key informant in the field; the
ligious. The people and culture integration proces鄄 aim of the participatory investigation was to do quick
sion in the history of Naxi nationality had also influ鄄 inventory, collect voucher specimens as well as re鄄
enced their edible culture in certain extent. cord the habitats of the each edible plants. After that
The study were conducted in the Wenhai Naxi the key informant interviews were done to make sure
Village of Baisha Township, Yulong Naxi Autono鄄 if the plants collected were the right Naxi nationali鄄
mous County of Northwest Yunnan (24-28 N, 98- ty爷s traditional edible plant and to add edible plants
102 E). Wenhai is a village of like “land of idyllic that had not collected yet. The plant specimen col鄄
beauty, rare paradise in the world冶 and it is the holy lected in the participatory investigation had been
land of hikers. The Wenhai villages locates at 26毅 used as a memories clue in the key informant inter鄄
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view. In the key informant interview the detail infor鄄 shows that 22% of the family and 7.4% of the ge鄄
mation of each edible plant like: the Naxi name, nus in the area have at least one species of edible
habitat and collection time, edible parts, consump鄄 plant (Fig. 1, Fig. 2), so the traditional edible
tion, taste evaluation, amount of resources, health鄄 plants come from a wild range of families and genus.
care function and effect were well documented. In The 80% of the botanical food used by people now
group discussion, the information we had gotten in are those of Gramineae, Rosaceae and Brassicaceae,
the first two stages were discussed by a group of in鄄 Comparing with that, the traditional edible plants
formants so that the correctness can be insured, used by Naxi nationality show high diversity.
what is more, the further information addition were According to the traditional knowledge of Naxi
also done. We collected 3 specimens per each nationality, those edible plants are classified into
plant. Specimen identification completed with the 105 folk taxa. The plants in the same folk taxa have
help of the experts in Kunming Institute of Botany. the same Naxi name, play the same edible role and
their morphology look similar to each other. Usual鄄
3摇 Results
ly, the folk taxa are equivalent to genus. 25 folk
3.1摇 Species diversity
taxa have more than1 species and the top5 folk taxa
The traditional edible plants used by Naxi na鄄 have as much as 4 species respectively (Table 1).
tionality in Wenhai village are 145 species (109 wild This implies the genetic diversity of the traditional
edible plantsand45 cultivated plants) belonged to45 edible plants. The Naxi nationality忆s traditional edi鄄
families and 67 genus. Twenty鄄five families (56%) ble plant also shows high family diversity.
3 2摇 Collection season diversity
and 46 genus (69%) have only one edible plant. .
In 1987, Yang Qiner, Li Hen and Wu Zhengyi Edible plants are collected all year round.
conducted detail floristic study of Yulongshan Moun鄄 Twenty鄄eight (20. 44%) were collected in spring,
tain in Lijiang County. Our study was conducted ex鄄 and 31 species (22. 63%) in summer, 66 species
actly in the same area, so the comparison was made (48.18%) in autumn and 12 species (8.76%) of
to establish the rate of edible plants in the total flo鄄 the edible plants which cultivated in home garden can
ristic of the environment. On the species level, the also be collected in the winter (Fig.3). The home
edible plants take up5.1% of the floristic in the ar鄄 garden is high valued and well鄄built as a simple
ea, but on the family and genus level, the data greenhouse, plants can be grow in winter as well.
Fig.1摇 Thefamilydistributionofthetraditional Fig.2摇 Thegenusdistributionofthetraditional
EdibleplantusedbyNaxinationality EdibleplantusedbyNaxinationality
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Table1摇 Thetop5 folktaxaandthespeciesincluding
Folktaxa
摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 Speciesincluding
(Naxiname)
Rubusbiflorus R.niveus R.subornatus
; ; ;
ahu R.trijugus
Fargesiamelanostachys F.yulongshanensis
; ;
men F.communis F.yunnanensis
;
Cirsiumgriseum C.lidjiangense
; ;
baqi C.chlorolepis C.eriophoroides
;
Dioscoreadeltoidea D.henryi D.hemsleyi
; ; ;
shanyao Dioscorea
sp.
Lobariayunnensis L.orientalis
; ;
laolongpi L.fuscotomentosa Sticanylanderiana
;
Fig.3摇 Thecollectionseasonsofthetraditionaledibleplants
3 3摇 Edible parts diversity 3 4摇 Consumption Diversity
. .
The edible parts of Naxi nationality忆s traditional Naxi nationality忆s traditional consumption of edible
edible plant have high diversity. Eight types had plant presents high diversity. According to their
been used. The most widely used edible parts are eating habit, there are15 consumption types and the
fruit (30), leaf (21) and seed (15) (Table 2). totally consumption is 190 for many plants can be
consumed in more than one way. Grain, vegetable
Table2摇 Edibleparts,plantnumberandrepresentativeplants
and fruit are the main consumption type (Table 3).
Ediblepart Number Representativeplants
Rubusniveus The consumption diversity of traditional edible
Fruit 30
Leaf 21 Smilacinahenryi plants provides adequate food and comprehensive
Fagopyrumtataricum
Seed 15 nutrition for people, and the more important thing is
Ligusticumchuanxiong
Wholeaerialparts 12
that it makes daily diet rich and varied. What is
Liliumlankongense
Root 9
Alliumbeesianum more, the consumption diversity of edible plant used
Thewholeplant 12
Araliachinensis by Naxi nationality makes up the strategy: when one
Buds 9
Rhododendronyunnanense
Flower 8 kind of consumption is in shortage, other kind of
consumption can help to replenish, so the crisis of
Fruit of the wild plants is the mainly used part, food shortage can be reduced. Naxi nationality can
leaf of wild and cultivated vegetable is usually the be used as many consumption types.
edible part; and when it comes to cultivated grain 26 traditional edible plants have more than one
crops, seed is the used part. Flowers and bugs are types of consumption, especially their core edible
always used as snack, roots are mainly used as plants such as: turnip, potato and bracken. Turnip
healthcare food. In the Wenhai village, fruit, leaf is used as grain, vegetable, fruit, and pickle; pota鄄
and seed are the mainly edible part, their acquisi鄄 to is the major grain and vegetable of Naxi nationali鄄
tion strategy can be seen a sustainable utilization. ty; Bracken is consumed as grain, vegetables, pick鄄
The statistic shows that all plant organs: root, les, and brewing too. Those core edible plants adopt
stem, leaf, flower as well as fruit can be used as the environment very well and have strong capacity
food by Naxi nationality. Parts of plant in their dif鄄 of resisting the climate disaster, and always have
ferent growing stage: bugs, tender stems and leaves good yield. Turnip and Potato are the major corps of
and so on can all be collected as food in the Naxi Na xi nationality, their planted area is the largest
village. and the least harvest amount is over 15000kg.
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Table3摇 Consumptiontypes,plantsnumberandrepresentativeplants
Consumption Number Representativeplants
Smilacinahenryi Capsicumannuum Solanumtuberosum
Vegetables 47 ; ;
Rubusniveus Malusrockii Maluspumila
Fruit 43 ; ;
Cirsiumgriseum Polygonatumcirrhifolium Arctiumlappa
Healthcarefood 29 ; ;
Zeamays Brassicarapa Solanumtuberosum
Grain 22 ; ;
Alliumhookeri Alliumfistulosum Coriandrumsativum
Seasoning 12 ; ;
Camelliaassamica Campylotropishirtella Prinsepiautilis
Drinks 8 ; ;
Rhododendronyunnanense Cicerarietinum
Snack 6 ;
Rosasoulieana Berberisliophylla Berberispruinosa
Nibblebetweenmeals 6 ; ;
Viburnumcylindricum Raphanussativus Prinsepiautilis
Oilseed 5 ; ;
Quercusguyavaefolia Pteridiumrevolutum
Brewers 4 ;
Gentianarigescens Gentianaszechenyii Gentianacephalantha
Fermentingagent 3 ; ;
Rosarugosa Origanumvulgare
Spices 2 ;
Chaenomelesspeciosa
Souragent 1
Cynanchumauriculatum
Coagulatingagent 1
Scurrulaparasitica
Bubblegum 1
Cirsium lidjiangense
Bracken is the major wild edible plant of Naxi nation鄄 stewed together with the meat to
Ligusticum chua鄄
ality, it can be collected in the early spring and the relieve fatigue. The fresh leaves of
nxiong
amount is very large. The villagers said that “howe鄄 steamed with eggs is eaten to treat backache
ver the drought is, bracken always can grow up冶. caused by excessive physical labor. Insomnia can be
Allium tuberosum
In conclusion, the consumption diversity ena鄄 relieved by consuming leaves of in
bles as much plant in the area as food and makes dinner. The function diversity of the traditional edible
those edible plant resource fully used. plants is very helpful to guarantee health of people.
3 5摇 Function diversity
.
Table4摇 Diseasestreatedbytraditionaledibleplants
Except from common edible function, many tra鄄 andtherepresentativeplants
ditional edible plants have healthcare function and a Diseases Number Representativeplants
Pinusyunnanensis
wild variety of diseases can be prevented or treated Cough 11
Aconitumstapfianum
through eating them. According to the knowledge of Rheumatism 4
Schisandrarubriflora
Insomnia 3
local people, 66 edible plants have healthcare func鄄
Chenopodiumalbum
Constipation 1
tion and 18 types of diseases can be dealt with (Ta鄄 ThamnoliaSubuliformis
Cold 4
ble 4). Prinsepiautilis
Convulsioninchildren 1
The diversity of the traditional healthcare edible Ligusticumchuanxiong
Backpain 3
Rhododendronyunnanense
plants is very helpful to guarantee the health of peo鄄 Bowelcleansing 3
Roscoeatibetica
ple. These diseases that can be dealt by traditional Kidneydeficiency 6
Raphanussativus Brassicarapa
edible plant are including most of common diseases Digestion 5 ;
Malvaverticillata
Postpartumbloodstasis 1
that are easily infected and diseases susceptible to
ThamnoliaVermicularis
Heatdetoxification 4
special groups of people like elderly and maternal. Berberisliophylla Polygonatum
;
For example, the elderly usually consumes pine pol鄄 Diarrhea 3 cirrhifolium
Codonopsisconvolvulacea
len in the winter to prevent and treat cough and lung Promotelactation 1
Codonopsisconvolvulacea
disease. Women after delivery needs to take rice Eyeinjury 2
Polygonatum cirrhifolium Plantagodepressa
Diuretic 3
wine brewed with root to
Cirsiumlidjiangense
Fatigue 6
prevent rheumatism and it is also effective in lacta鄄 Saussurealeucoma
Tonic 5
gogue and health restore. People eat fresh root of
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4摇 Discussion and Conclusion
tain new crops can be introduced and domesticated
The diversity of the traditional edible plant is from the wild edible plants and the new genetic re鄄
the material base of avoiding food shortage. People sources can also be found. At the same time, raw
have a wild resource of food instead of depending on material of health food products could be selected
few kinds of edible plants for food. When the pro鄄 from the abundance healthcare plants. So the tradi鄄
duction of one plant reduced, they can turn to others, tional edible plants used by Naxi nationality are the
so multiple choices guarantees enough food. Besides important resource that need well protection and fur鄄
that, when one kind of consumption is in shortage, ther study.
plants of other types can be taken as a supplement, In 1989, Pei Shengji and Guo Huijun made the
so the diversity of consumption makes people have study of “Preliminary study on edible flowers of
enough grain, vegetable, fruits and so on. The di鄄 North鄄west Yunnan冶, they recorded 38 edible flow鄄
versity of the traditional edible plants enables people ers used by Naxi nationality. Compare with Pei忆s
have adequate and nutrition balanced food. study, this study focused on Naxi nationality and is
The food shortage which has been existing in specialized in their traditional edible plant and
the whole history of human beings is also a serious knowledge. The other difference from Pei忆s study is
crisis of the world now. What is more, it has been that this study managed to make comprehensive doc鄄
aggravated in the context of the global climate umentation of the traditional edible plants used in
change. It is predicted that the world grain produc鄄 the Wenhai Naxi Village and analyzed its diversity.
tion will be greatly reduced by the 2080 and the cri鄄 The study is part of a systematic study on the tradi鄄
sis will be more serious in the developing area (Patz tional edible plants and knowledge of Naxi nationali鄄
et al et al
., 2005; Parrya ., 2004; Rosenzweig, ty and it is also the basis of exploring the adaptive
1993). A Chinese proverb goes like that: “food is strategy of Naxi nationality to the food shortage.
the god冶, so how to solve the problem of food shor鄄
Acknowledgments
tage is very important to coping global climate : Special thanks are due to all the people
of Wenhai Villagewhogenerouslysharedtheirvaluabletradi鄄
change. Since 1999, Northwest China has been suf鄄
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