An epigraphical survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa region conducted by A.S. Hall

74 Pages·1998·9.15 MB·English

by  N. P. Milner, Alan Stirling Hall

f
Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of
Asia Minor III
AN EPIGRAPHICAL SURVEY
IN THE KIBYRA-OLBASA REGION
CONDUCTED BY A.S. HALL
BY
N.P. MILNER
BIAA Monograph No. 24
Published by
THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA
1998
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
c/o British Academy, 10 Carlton House Terrace,
London SWJ Y 5AH
This book is available from Oxbow Books, PREFACE IX
Park End Place, Oxford OXJ JHN ABBREVIATIONS XI
INTRODUCTION xm
ISBN 1 898249 10 5 I. KIBYRA AND THE KIBYRA TIS xiii
ISSN 0969-9007 II. EREN CAYI (LYSIS FLUMEN) VALLEY XIV
MAP I: THE MIL Y AD EIS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS. XVlll
© British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 1998 MAP II: THE SURVEY AREA. XIX
All rights reserved. No parts of this publication SECTION 1. City and Environs of BOUBON.
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, 1. STATUE OF NEARCHOS IV, site of BOUBON.
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, From the Sebasteion, 1.1-1.16.
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or Other inscrs. from the site, 1.17-1.37.
otherwise, without the prior permission of the 2. VOTIVE STATUE OF ARES, near ibecik.
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. From the same place, 2.1.
Also from ibecik, 2.2-2.12.
3. GRAVESTONE FOR HERMAIOS, Elmah Yurt, formerly called
Pirnaz.
4. GRAVESTONE FOR MOUSAIOS, Elmah Yurt.
Also from Elmah Yurt, 4.1-4.4.
From Altinyayla, formerly called Dirmil, 4.5-4.14.
5. GRAVESTONE FOR AM(M)IANE, Kiziiyaka.
Note on Balhk, formerly called Ma§ta.
SECTION 2. Territory of BALBOURA. 6
Near Golc,:iik, formerly called Yam, 5.3-5.4.
At K1ZI!bel,5 .5.
6. GRAVESTONE FOR SEX. MAR CIUS DAMIAN OS AND MARCIA
MNEME, Sogiit, brought from Kiz1laliler.
7. GRAVESTONE FOR AN OIKONOMOS AND HIS WIFE GNOME,
Sogiit, brought from K1Z1laliler?
8. GRAVESTONE FOR APOLLONIOS AND FAMILY, Sogiit.
9. GRAVESTONE FOR TROILOS AND FAMILY, Sogiit, brought from
K1Z1laliler.
10. GRAVESTONE, Sogiit.
Also from Sogiit, 10.1-10.14.
From Mamatlar, 10.15-10.17.
From the environs of KizI!aliler (near LAGBE), 10.18-10.22.
Note on LAGBE.
SECTION 3. City and Environs of KIBYRA. 9
11. FRAGMENT, KIBYRA.
12. TOMB FOR DESCENDANT OF DEMOKRITOS, KIBYRA.
13. TOMB FOR TATEIS, KIBYRA.
14. TOMB FOR OLYMPIAS AND FAMILY, KIBYRA.
Printed by Stephen Austin & Sons Ltd., Hertford 15. BUILDING, KIBYRA.
Also from the site of KIBYRA, 15.1-15.18.
From the theatre at KIBYRA, 15.19-15.31.
From the necropolis at KIBYRA, 15.32-15.53.
16. TOMB OF ORESTES AND TATEIS, Golhisar, formerly Horzum,
Ulukoy and Armutlu.
lll
The Kibyra-Olbasa Region Contents
17. TOMB FOR A. NOVIUS CLARUS, ARCHITECT, Golhisar. 61. ENIGMATIC FRAGMENT, Sorkun.
18. GRAVESTONE FOR HERAKLEA, G6lhisar. 62. GRAVESTONE FOR STRATON, Sorkun.
19. GRAVESTONE FOR TOS AND PANNYCHIS, G6lhisar. 63. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS, Sorkun.
20. GRAVESTONE FOR T. NUMITORIUS, G6lhisar. Note on I§akk6y.
21. GRAVESTONE FOR NYMPHAS, Golhisar. 64. FUNERARY BASE(?) Kih;iikalan, also called Alankoy, formerly also
22. FUNERARY FRAGMENT, G6lhisar. called Alansag1r.
23. GRAVESTONE FOR OUOA, Golhisar. From Alagoz, formerly i§kenpazar, nearby to the east, 64.1--64.5.
24. GRAVESTONE FOR PYLADES, Golhisar. Note on the use of the era of KIBYRA in Ac1payam Ovas1.
25. GRAVESTONE FOR KALLIKLES(?), Golhisar. Also from the environs of Kii<;:iikalan,6 4.6-64.18.
26. GRAVESTONE FOR EUPEITHES, Golhisar. 65. GRAVESTONE FOR ANDREAS, Buyiikalan, formerly also called
27. GRAVESTONE FOR GNESIA, Golhisar. Alankebir, and now at a place formerly called Alanbahi;eleri.
28. GRAVESTONE FOR CLAUDIUS, Golhisar. 66. GRAVESTONE FOR HIERON, Buyiikalan.
29. GRAVESTONE FOR TATEIS, Golhisar. Also from Buyukalan, 66.1.
30. GRAVESTONE FOR ANONYMOUS, Golhisar. 67. GRAVESTONE FOR EPIGONES, Kayac1k.
Also from the area of Golhisar, 30.1-30.50. 68. GRAVESTONE FOR ANONYMOUS, Kayac1k.
From the former village of Horzum, 30.1-30.31. 69. GRAVESTONE FOR MOUSAIOS, Kayac1k.
From a cemetery called Senir Mezarhk, 30.32-30.37. Also from Kayac1k, 69.1-69.2.
From the former village of Ulukoy, 30,38-30.50. 70. GRAVESTONE FOR MEDAET AS, Cavdir.
31. FUNERARY FRAGMENT, Yamad1. 71. GRAVESTONE FOR LA(O)DIKE, Cavd1r.
Also from Y amadt, 31.1. 72. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS AND ENAS, Cavdtr.
32. GRAVESTONE FOR BASILISKOS, Uylupmar. 73. GRAVESTONE FOR LUCIUS, Cavd1r.
Note on Golhisar Golu Adas1, the site of SINDA. 74. GRAVESTONE, Cavd1r.
Note on Hisarard1. Also from Cavd1r, 74.1-74.5.
33. GRAVESTONE FOR DOXA, Eskipazar, formerly Pazarmahalle. 75. GRAVESTONE FOR ANTHOUSA, Bolmepmar, formerly called
Also from Eskipazar, 33.1-33.8. Dengere.
Note on Kargah. 76. GRAVESTONE SET UP BY MENIS AND SIBLINGS, Bolmepmar.
34. GRAVESTONE FOR HELENE AND EUTYCHIA, Karapmar. 77. GRAVESTONE FOR EUPHRATES, Bolmepmar.
35. GRAVESTONE FOR MARCUS, Karapmar. 78. ENIGMATIC, Bolmepmar.
36. GRAVESTONE FOR SOSOS, Karapmar. 79. GRAVESTONE FOR MOSILEMES, Bolmepmar.
37. GRAVESTONE FOR KALLIKLES AND GE, Karapmar. 80. GRAVESTONE FOR AMMIA AND MENIS, Bolmepmar.
38. GRAVESTONE FOR MASAS, TROILOS AND TATEIS, Karapmar. Also from Bolmepmar, 80.1-80.5.
39. GRAVESTONE FOR MOUSAIOS, Karapmar. 81. GRAVESTONE FOR C. SENTIUS PRISCUS AND FREEDMAN,
40. MILESTONE? Karapmar. Baylf, formerly Baymd1r.
41. GRAVESTONE FOR CAPITO AND HERMIPPOS, Yusufca. 82. GRAVESTONE FOR AELIUS AND WIFE, Bayir.
42. GRAVESTONE FOR A .... (?) Yusufca. Also from Bay1r, 82.1-82.9.
43. GRAVESTONE FOR MELEAGROS, Yusufca. From nearby Eski Caklf, 82.10.
44. MILESTONE, Yusufca. 83. GRAVESTONE FOR ARTABAZES, Beykoy.
45. GRAVESTONE FOR CAIUS, LUCIUS AND SECUNDA, Yusufca. 84. GRAVESTONE FOR KADAUAS AND SELGENDEUS(?), Beykoy.
46. ENIGMATIC, Yusufca. 85. GRAVESTONE FOR APOLLONIOS, Beykoy.
47. ENIGMATIC, Yusufca. 86. VOTIVE FOR APOLLO CHEREUSIEIDEUS(?) Beykoy.
48. FUNERARY BASE FOR MARCIA TLEPOLEMIS, Yusufca. Also from Beykoy, 86.1-86.3.
49. GUBERNATORIAL(?) AND IMPERIAL LETTERS, Yusufca. Note on Karamusa.
50. HEROON FOR CLAUDII BIAS AND POLEMON, Yusufca. 87. GRAVESTONE FOR TATEIS, Karamusa.
51. STATUE OF TI. CLAUDIUS POLEMON(?) Yusufca. 88. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS, Karamusa.
Also from Yusufca, 51.1-51.7. 89. VOTIVE FOR ZEUS, Yuvakoy.
52. GRAVESTONE FOR APOLLOS(?) Camkoy. Also from Yuvakoy, 89.1-89.2.
Also from Camkoy, 52.1.
53. GRAVESTONE FOR ONESIMOS AND CLAUDIA TYCHE, SECTION 4. The ORMELEIS and the Senatorial Estates, presumed to be in 37
Sorkun. the Territory of KIBYRA.
54. GRAVESTONE FOR TATEIS, Sorkun. 90. GRAVESTONE FOR ENA, Seydiler, also called Seyitler.
55. GRAVESTONE FOR NUM. SPEDIUS FR ONTO, Sorkun. Also from Seydiler, 90.1.
56. GRAVESTONE, Sorkun. 91. GRAVESTONE FOR SILLANOS APOLLONIOS, Bayramlar.
57. MILESTONE, Sorkun. 92. VOTIVE STELE(?) Hasanpa§a.
58. VOTIVE BASE OF THEOS HYPSISTOS, Sorkun. 93. GRAVESTONE FOR GE AND MENIS, Hasanpa§a.
59. GRAVESTONE FOR NANA, Sorkun. 94. VOTIVE ALT AR OF ZEUS(?) Hasanpa§a.
60. GRAVESTONE FOR GE, Sorkun. 95. STATUE OF THE EMPEROR CLAUDIUS, Hasanpa§a.
iv V
The Kibyra-O/basa Region Contents
Also from Hasanpa§a, 95.1-95.3. Note on Kag1lc1k.
Note on Yuvalak. 125. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS AND OUAOUA, Kag1lc1k.
96. GRAVESTONE, Yuvalak. 126. GRAVESTONE FOR LUCIUS(?) Kag1lc1k.
Also from Yuvalak, at Kocata§, 96.1-96.2. 127. GRAVESTONE FOR DEMETRIOS(?) Kag1lc1k.
Note on Tefenni Ovas1. Also from Kag1lc1k, 127.1-127.5.
97. GRAVESTONE FOR KALLOTARI(O)S, Tefenni, brought from 128. TOMB INSCRIPTION, Bah9eozii.
Karamusa. Also from Bah9eozii, 128.1.
98. GRAVESTONE, Tefenni. Note on Kerner, also called Serta9.
99. ENIGMATIC FRAGMENT, Tefenni. 129. GRAVESTONE FOR THE FAMILY OF AURELIUS LYKIDAS,
100. GRAVESTONE FOR ARTEMISIOS, Tefenni. Kerner.
Also from Tefenni, 100.1-100.14. 130. FUNERARY BUST OF MENAS, Kerner.
101. VOTIVE ALTAR OF ZEUS, Tefenni, brought from Sazak or Ece? 131. VOTIVE ALTAR(?) OF ISIS.
102. VOTIVE ALTAR OF ZEUS, Tefenni, brought from Sazak or Ece? Also from Kerner, 131.1-131.5.
103. GRAVESTONE FOR CALPURNIUS AGAPETOS, Tefenni, brought 132. VOTIVE ALTAR OF ZEUS, K1lavuzlar.
from Sazak or Ece? Also from K1lavuzlar, 132.1.
104. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS AND FAMILY, Ece. From Yenice Ciftlik, near K1lavuzlar, removed to Akcaoren, 132.2.
Also from Ece, 104.1-104.2. Note on Yakalar, also called Yakakoy or Kuzyaka.
105. GRAVESTONE FOR MANES AND FAMILY, Sazak, brought from 133. GRAVESTONE FOR VERATIA POLLA AND OTHERS,
Ece. Yakalar.
106. GRAVESTONE FOR M. CALPURNIUS EPINIKOS, Sazak. 134. AGONISTIC STATUE OF IULIUS SEPTIMIUS SYMMACHOS,
107. MILESTONE(?) Sazak. Yakalar.
108. VOTIVE ALTAR OF ZEUS SOTER, Sazak. 135. FRAGMENT OF A PUBLIC DEDICATION, Yakalar.
109. GRAVESTONE FOR OLYMPIAS(?) Sazak. 136. GRAVESTONE FOR NIKATOR AND FAMILY, Yakalar.
110. VOTIVE ALTAR OF MEN, Sazak. Also from Yakalar, 136.1.
111. GRAVESTONE FOR L. CALPURNIUS SALVIUS(?) Sazak. Note on Belenli.
Also from Sazak, 111.1. 137. GRAVESTONE FOR AURELIUS HERMIAS, Belenli.
112. GUBERNATORIAL(?) AND IMPERIAL(?) LETTERS, Karamanh. 138. STATUE OF THE EMPEROR TRAJAN, Belenli.
113. VOTIVE TABLET(?) Karamanh. 139. ENIGMATIC FRAGMENT, Belenli.
114. VOTIVE LIST FOR ZEUS SABAZIOS, Karamanh. 140. VOTIVE STATUE OF THE GOD MARON, Belenli.
115. VOTIVE LIST OF BENEFACTIONS, Karamanh. 141. FRAGMENT(?) OF A PUBLIC DEDICATION, Belenli.
Also from Karamanh, 115.1-115.12. [116] 142. ALTAR TO THE AUGUST!, Belenli.
143. STATUE OF THE EMPEROR CARACALLA, Belenli.
SECTION 5. Environs of KERETAPA-DIOKAISAREIA? 53 144. AGONISTIC STATUE OF AURELIUS LICINNIANUS, Belenli.
Note on Giiney, Horoz and Karakoy. 145. HELLENISTIC ROY AL LETTER, Belenli.
From Gtiney, 116.1. Also from Belenli, 145.1-145.11.
From Gokce, 116.2. From Belenli, removed to Antalya museum, 145.9.
From Karnath, 116.3. From Belenli, removed to Burdur, 145.10-145.11.
From Celtek, 116.4-116.6. From Yaylakoy, formerly Ovac1k, near Belenli, 145.12.
Note on Kayadibi.
117. TOMB FOR AURELIUS TROPHIMOS AND WIFE, Kayadibi. SECTION 7. Environs of HADRIANOI, KORMASA AND PALAIOPOLIS? 67
118. VOTIVE ALTAR OF HERAKLES, Kayadibi. Note on possible sites of the above cities.
119. GRAVESTONE FOR AURELIUS APOLLONIOS, Kayadibi. Note on Bademli.
Also from Kayadibi, 119.1-119.5. 146. GRAVESTONE FOR C. VALERIUS STRABON, Bademli.
From near south-east corner of lake Salda, 119.6. 147. GRAVESTONE FOR LICINIANUS, Bademli.
Note on Ye§ilova, formerly Satirlar. Also from Bademli, 147.1.
120. VOTIVE ALTAR OF DEMETER, Ye§ilova. From Miirseller, 147.2.
Note on Bedirli. Note on Ta§ Koprii.
121. VOTIVE ALTAR OF ZEUS SOTER, Bedirli. Note on Pmarba§I.
122. VOTIVE RELIEF OF METER KADMENE (CYBELE), Caltepe koy, Note on Callica, formerly Egne§.
formerly Gebren. 148. MILESTONE(?) OF DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN, (:alhca.
123. VOTIVE LIST OF BENEFACTIONS, Caltepe koy. 149. THANK-OFFERING TO A GODDESS, Calhca.
Also from Caltepe koy, 123.1-123.4. 150. ALTAR AS THANK-OFFERING TO ZEUS, POSEIDON, ATHENA,
ALL GODS AND THE RIVER EUROS, Callica.
SECTION 6. City and Environs of OLBASA. 58 Also from Calhca, 150.1-150.2.
124. FUNERARY TEXT(?) Kayah. 151. MILESTONE(?) OF DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN, Bogazi9i,
Also from Kayah, 124.1. formerly Keygel.
vi vii
The Kibyra-O/basa Region
152. GRAVESTONE FOR CAIUS IULIUS AND FREEDMAN, Bogazi<;i.
153. MILESTONE OF MAXIMINUS, CONST ANTINUS AND
PREFACE
LICINIUS, Bogazi9i.
154. GRAVESTONE FOR STEPHAN OS, Bogazi9i.
155. VOTIVE ALTAR OF A GODDESS, Bogazi9i.
Also from Bogazi<;i, 155.1-155.3
156. STATUE OF JULIA DOMNA, Elmac1k. The main aim of Alan Hall's surveys was to complete a projected volume of Tituli Asiae
From Kozluca, near Elmac1k, but probably removed from a nearby Minoris left unfinished by the late Professor G.E. Bean, by establishing the texts of all
Sebasteion, 156.1-156.3. the Classical inscriptions, mainly of the Roman period, which survive in the Kibyratis
Note on igdeli. region, that is, on the sites and in the territories of Kibyra itself, and the neighbouring
157. FUNERARY BUST OF RHODON, igdeli, brought from Karacaoren. ancient cities of Boubon, Balboura and Oinoanda. Partly in the territory of Kibyra, the
158. FUNERARY FRAGMENT, igdeli, brought from Karacaoren. Lysis (Eren/Boz <;ay1) valley surveys also took him farther afield to the sites and terri
Note on Karacaoren, formerly Karacav1ran. tories of ancient Olbasa and Hadrianoi, and part of the territories of ancient
159. GRAVESTONE FOR AINAS, Karacaoren. Keretapa-Diokaisareia and Kormasa. From the Oinoanda survey 38 texts were published
160. GRAVESTONE FOR TROKONDAS, Karacaoren. by Hall and myself in D.H. French (ed.), Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia
Also from Karacaoren, 160.1. and Pisidia: In memoriam A.S. Hall (1994). I took on responsibility for collecting and
Also at Karacaoren, having been removed from Gavur Oren, publishing inscriptions from Balboura when Dr. J.J. Coulton began his survey of that
160.2-160.4. city and territory in 1985, and I subsequently extended my remit to cover Hall's Nachlass
From Gavur Oren, 160.5-160.13. for Oinoanda and the Kibyratis.
From Golde, near Gavur Oren, 160.14. The early death of Hall in 1986 has prevented the early fruition of the above-men
tioned epigraphical projects. What is presented here is the essentially unfinished product
SECTION 8. The MAKROPEDEIT AI and senatorial estates(?) 73 of his Kibyratis surveys of 1984 and 1985. A few of the texts are incompletely transcribed
Note on Kay1 koyil. or undeciphered. In the absence of an opportunity to retrace the footsteps of Hall, it was
161. GRAVESTONE FOR OSAEIS AND OTHERS, Ak9aoren, formerly felt that there was, nevertheless, considerable value in publishing everything as it stood.
Ak9av1ran. There is no doubt that Hall would have returned to some of these stones to solve prob
Also from Ak<;aoren, 161.1-161.5. lems had he lived. For additional information, I have included English summaries of all
162. ALTAR OF ZEUS, HERA, HERMES, MEN, APOLLO, HELIOS published texts (d own to about 1994) from the survey area in the province of Burdur,
AND THE DEMOS OF THE MAKROPEDEIT AI, Akoren, formerly which were not re-examined by Hall. I stress that I have not seen any of the stones
Akv1ran. myself; I have had to content myself with the records made by Hall, and the publica
Also from Akoren, 162.1-162.3. tions of others.
From Akoren(?), removed to Antalya museum, 162.4. The collection is headed Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor, vol. III. The
original aim of Hall, French 1977: 19-21, publishing Turkish regional museum collec
INDEXES 77 tions where the British epigraphists had mainly worked, is here extended to field survey
BIBLIOGRAPHY 89 for Burdur iii, S.W. sector. R.E.C.A.M. vol. IV for the Burdur museum collection, which
CONCORDANCES 95 will complement this volume, is in preparation by Professor G.H.R. Horsley and Dr.
KEY TO LETTER FORMS 103 R.A. Kearsley. The material in the present volume is arranged by ancient city territory,
PLATES 105 so far as can be ascertained: while it does not necessarily constitute a full corpus of all
texts from any ancient city, since parts of their territories lay in what are now other
modern provinces, or otherwise outside the survey area, it is intended to be a complete
inventory for the country that was covered (cf. Maps I and II). In fact it represents all
the inscriptions from the senatorial estates around Tefenni, and the city site near <;alhca
(either Kormasa or Hadrianoi), and the majority of the texts from the territories of the
city site near Golde (either Hadrianoi or Kormasa), and of the ancient cities of Olbasa,
Kibyra, and Boubon. Omitted from Boubon are a small number of texts from villages
to the west and south of ibecik, which are in the provinces of Denizli or Mugla; from
Kibyra, villages to the west (few inscriptions known), and in the plain of Karayilk Pazar
to the north, both in Denizli province, and the dependency of Lagbe to the south-east,
which in Roman times was given over to great estates and now lies in the province of
Antalya; from Olbasa perhaps villages to the south-east, which are in Antalya. The ter
ritory of Balboura was merely touched on where it overlaps the southern end of Burdur
province, and while the city site near Kayadibi (perhaps Keretapa-Diokaisareia) in the
north of the survey area was examined, its territory was not covered in depth. The map
references with the inscriptions are to named sheets and grid squares of the 1:200,000
maps issued by the Turkish Harita Gene! Miidilrlilgil, most recently revised in 1946.
Photographs are printed at the end unless the words "not reproduced" appear in the text
viii ix
The Kibyra-Olbasa Region
for the inscription concerned. Characteristic letter forms are listed for most inscriptions
in a simple numerical code: a key is provided at the end.
Using Hall's notebooks, squeezes and photographs, kindly donated by Mrs. G. Hall
ABBREVIATIONS
to the B.I.A.A., I have collated and compared all the material and am responsible for
establishing the texts and epigraphical commentary. Hall's comments on sites and loca
tions have been copied from his notebooks as much as possible in his original words.
The entire text was typed into the computer by me in Ankara in 1991 and 1992, and
revised in 1993, and again in 1996, when the commentaries were largely created. In 1994 * word not attested in this form. Akademie 111 Wien, phil.-hist. Cl. 45,
I photographed eighty of Hall's squeezes in Ankara and made further improvements to acc. accusative case. 1897).
readings. At the time of his death, Hall had written out preliminary texts of 1984/1-43 A.O. Anno Domini. ht. height.
add. addendum. ibid. ibidem, in the same place.
(about half of the 1984 texts) and 1985/17 only; he had done some research on 1984/19
AE L 'Annee epigraphique. id. idem, the same.
and had begun to work on 1985/17, the two imperial letters. Apart from these begin AJA American Journal of Archaeology. i.e. id est, that is.
nings, the rest of the editorial work has fallen to me. Anat.St. Anatolian Studies. IGBulg. Milhailov, Inscriptiones Graecae in
I am indebted to Dr. Barbara Levick and Professor Stephen Mitchell for reading the Anon. Anonymous. Bulgaria Repertae.
draft manuscript, making amendments, and suggesting a number of fruitful lines of ANRW Temporini et al. (edd.), Azifstieg und IGRR Cagnat, Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res
Niedergmzg der nJmischen Welt (1972- ). Romanas pertinentes.
enquiry, and to Dr. J.J. Coulton for editorial help and advice. Hall would have wished
Ant.Afr. Antiquites Aji'icaines. IK Engelmann, Merkelbach et al.,
to acknowledge the permission and co-operation of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and AST Ara~·tzrma Sonurlan Top/ant/ST (Ministry Inschr/ften griechischer Stadte aus
Tourism, and to thank the local authorities in the areas concerned for their assistance of Culture and Tourism, Ankara, annual Kleinasien.
and hospitality, and particularly the Ministry's representatives for their efforts on behalf archaeological colloquium) ILS Dessau, lnscriptiones Latinae Selectae.
of the project. I also wish to thank the Turkish authorities for granting a research visa b. brother. inscr. inscription.
BAR British Archaeological Reports. I. Pergamum M. Frankel (ed.), Die Inschriften von
to work on the Alan Hall Nachlass in Ankara, and to thank the former Director of the
13.C. before Christ. Pergamon (Altertiimer von Pergamon
British Institute, Dr. D.H. French, for his efforts to preserve the Alan Hall Nachlass in BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. VIII.I) (Berlin 1890).
Ankara and to forward its publication. I also gratefully acknowledge the B.I.A.A.'s BMC Phrygia B.V. Head, A Catalogue 11/ the Greek JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies.
funding of my research and editorial work for this project over a number of seasons. Coins in the British Museum: Catalogue km. kilometres.
of the Greek Coins of Phrygia (London LGPN P.M. Fraser, E. Matthews (edd.), A
1906). Lexicon of Greek Personal Names !
BSA Annual of the British School at Athens. (Oxford 1988- ).
Bull. Bulletin epigraphique, in Revue des etudes LIMC J. Boardman et al. (edd.), Lexicon
grecques. Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae !
ea. circa, about. (Zurich 1981-).
cf. c011fer,c ompare. lit. literally.
CIG Boeck et al., Corpus Inscriptionum LSJ Liddell, Scott, Jones, McKenzie, A
Graecarum. Greek Lexicon (9th. edn. Oxford 1940).
CIL Mommsen et al., Corpus Inscriptionum LSJ rev. supp. P.G.W. Glare, assisted by A.A.
Latinarum. Thompson, LSJ revised supplement
col. column. (Oxford 1996).
corr. correxit, corrected. m. mother; metres.
cos. co(n)s(ul). MAMA Calder et al., Monumenta Asiae Minoris
CQ The Classical Quarterly. Antiqua.
CRAI Comptes rendus de /'Academic des masc. masculine.
i
,I Inscriptions. Mt. Mount.
d. daughter; denarii. N. north.
I
i dat. dative case. 11. note.
ded. dedicated. n.b. nota bene, note well.
diam. diameter. neut. neuter.
dr. drachmas. 110. numero, (in) number.
E. east. nom. nominative case.
EA Epigraphica Anatolica. nr. near.
ed. edidit, edited. OGIS Dittenberger, Orient is Graecae
edn. edition. Inscriptiones Selectae.
EE Mommsen, Ephemeris Epigraphica 'OMHP02 MT}VtalOV TT€plOOlKCJV TOV 6µwvvµov
e.g. exempli gratia, for example qnAEKTTatOEVTlKOV avAAoyov (Smyrna,
etc. et cetera, and so on. 1873-9).
f. father. p. page.
fem. feminine. PECS R. Stillwell (ed.), The Princeton
fl. floruit, flourished. Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
gen. genitive case. (Princeton 1976).
gf. grandfather. per litt. per litteras, by letter.
GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. p[R2 Prosopographia Imperii Romani.
gs. grandson. PLRE A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale, J.
ggs. great-grandson. Morris (edd.), The Prosopography of the
HK. R. Heberdey, E. Kalinka, Bericht iiber Later Roman Empire 1-111 (Cambridge
zwei Reisen im siidwestlichen Kleinasien 1971-92).
(Denkschriften der kaiser lichen pl. plural.
X XI
The Kibyra-Olbasa Region
PvL. E. Petersen, F. von Luschan, Reisen in s. son.
Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis II (Vienna sarc. sarcophagus.
1889). sq. ft. square feet.
q.v. quad vide, which see. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicwn Graecum. INTRODUCTION
RE Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Realencyclopiidie. SJG Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum
RECAM II S. Mitchell, Regional Epigraphic Graecarum.
Catalogues of Asia Minor II: The Ankara sing. singular.
District; The Inscriptions of North s.v. sub voce, under the word.
Galatia (BAR International Series 135, TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris.
I. KIBYRA AND THE KIBYRA TIS. continued to assert their common Pisidian heritage
Oxford 1982). viz. videlicet, namely.
in association with neighbouring communities, such
repr. reprinted. voc. vocative case.
Rev. Num. Revue Numismatique. w. west. During the short first survey season which lasted as that of Tabai to the ws:st and Hierapolis to the
RRMAM D.H. French, Roman Roads and ZPE Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und from 11t h to 28th September, 1984, Hall was accom north, and to present Pisidian deities on their
Milestones of Asia Minor. Epigraphik. panied by Bay Ramazan Peker of Aydm Museum, coinage well, into the Roman period. The strength of
s. south.
who acted as the Ministry's representative. They vis the state is shown by Strabo's information that it
ited most of the villages and ancient sites in the parts could raise an army of 30,000 infantry 'and 2,000
of Burdur iii which are dependent upon Golhisar cavalry. Having been an ally of the Seleucids, the
and Tefenni. The following account is adapted from city's ruler Moagetes chose not to oppose a detach
Hall's piece in III. AST (Ankara 1985) I 87ff. ment of a Roman army led by Manlius Vulso which
The ancient city of Kibyra lies on high ground invaded the territory in 189 B.c., and instead paid a
immediately above and to the west of the modern large sum in war indemnity, to stave off immediate
town of Golhisar, in the south-western corner of destruction. On Vulso's expedition, see Grainger
Burdur iii, backed by a mountain range which sup 1995: 23-42.
plied abundant water both to the city and to the Not long after the ending of Rhodian suzerainty
plain which it overlooks, where the Horzum Cay, over Lycia in 167 B.C., Kibyra came tQ dominate its
flows north to join the Dalaman Cay1. Some 10 km. smaller neighbours, Boubon, Balboura and
to the east, in a corner of this plain, lies Lake Oinoanda, which lie farther south; and with them
Golhisar. The level of the lake has fallen by several formed a tetrapolis whose leaders were closely asso
metres since the Roman period, and what was once ciated by marriage and other ties, and probably by
an island, on which there is a substantial ancient Pisidian descent.~hus the area we call the Kibyratis,
site, with evidence of occupation from the early the political expression of ancient Kabalis, was a
Bronze Age to the late Mediaeval period, is now a region lying between Caria, Lycia and Phrygia, in
peninsula. ~ Golhisar plain is one of a series which the Pisidian minority was politically the
which lie within the mountains which fringe the strongest element.j Kibyra continued to enjoy free
south-western edge of the Anatolian pl~u. There dom from Pergamene rule and a treaty of freedom
is easy access to it from the upper stretch of the and alliance with Rome perhaps to be dated to ea.
Bi.iyi.ik Menderes valley, by way of Denizli and 167 B.c. (OG/S 762, cf. Errington 1987: 97-118),
Ac1payam, and one of the ancient roads from the until the tetrapolis was broken up by Murena in the
west coast to Pamphylia passed through it. aftermath of the disasters of the First Mithridatic
The use of the era of Kibyra demonstrates that its War in which Kibyra may have found itself on the
territory extended beyond this plain to the Tefenni losing side again; cf. Eilers and Milner 1995: 87-88;
ovas1, possibly as far as the Eren Cay, (the ancient about 84 B.c. rits territory was attached to the
Lysis). To the north, the low hills which divide the province of Asia, while the other three cities went to
Golhisar plain from that of Ac1payam probably the Ly.cian League, an arrangement which in A.D. 43
formed a border, while to the south-east its control carried them into the province of Lycia.~A ltho~~h
stretched as far as the northern shoreline of the now Roman administrative arrangements placed Kibyra
drained Lake Sagi.it, creating a large, densely and its southern neighbours in two different
populated territory. provinces, the close links between the wealthy fami
According to Strabo 13.4.17 (631), there was a lies of the Kibyratis were maintained throughout the
i
mixed population in the Hellenistic period. Roman_ period.
Following probably Artemidorus of Ephesos (fl. 100 On the attribution of Kibyra to an Asian diocese
B.c.), he reports that four languages were once whose capital was at Laodikeia, and its subsequent
spoken there: Lydian, the language of early incom temporary assignment to the province of Cilicia
ers from the north; Solymian, spoken by the between 56 and 49 B.c., cf. Ameling 1988: 18ff.
indigenous inhabitants; Pisidian, brought by the Kibyra was not immune from later ad hoe adminis
most recent invaders; and Greek. Among these the trative changes: IGRR 4. 902 (our 15.10) suggests
Pisidians, who probably arrived in the third century that in the A.D. 40's Kibyra was part. of Lycia at the
B.c. from the east, had created a state out of its var time when its governor was honoured with a statue
ious elements, and dominated it thereafter. They there, cf. Syme 1995: 273. Usually, however, it was
Xll xiii
The Kibyra-Olbasa Region Introduction
in the province of Asia, until it was hived off to the ing account is adapted from his article in IV. AST Kibyra as its caput viae (I 04.1) confirms the evi true to the life, merely providing a satisfactory focus
newly-created province of Phrygia-Caria by A.D. (Ankara 1986) 149-150. dence of the use of the era of Kibyra, that this area for grief, commemoration, and devotion.
250, and then to Caria alone in the early 300's, cf. The survey concentrated on the areas north-east was in Kibyra's territory during the Severan period. Many of the columns are inscribed, usually with
RE XI.1 (1921) 375 s.v. "Kibyra" (Ruge); Roueche and east of Tefenni, on both sides of the Eren/Boz Hierocles' list, which was compiled in the 5th. cen the names of those who set them up, and only sec
1981: 111 and 1989: 1--4. On Kibyra's accession to <;ayt, some part of which could theoretically have tury, has Kibyra in Caria, sandwiched between ondarily with the names of the dead. This order will
the Panhellenion founded in Athens in A.D. 131/32, formed the north-eastern boundary of the Kibyratis xwpia TTaTpiµovia'r-.w (patrimonial, i.e. imperial, reflect the difficulty people experienced in laying
cf. OGIS 497 (Puteoli) and J. and L. Robert, Bull. in the Roman period; also included was Olbasa, the estates), and Kwµm KTllµanKai (?private estate vil claim to the ownership of a grave: their worry was
1972, 396 no. 139. On a more local level, Kibyra's Roman colonial site situated just above the village lages), cf. Hierocles 689.8-690.2. The latter might that unless the owner was identifiable and alive -
participation is attested in festivals at Aphrodisias, of Belenli, whose territory is adjacent to the be identical with the well-known estates in the often stated in the inscriptions - there was a danger
cf. Roueche 1993: 182-3, and Oinoanda, cf. OG/S Kibyratis. On the northern side of Tefenni ovas1, upper Lysis basin (nr. Tefenni) and/or those at of another ejecting the occupants and taking over
566, in the third century A.D. The city has also pro were visited sites in the neighbourhood of Ye§ilova, Lagbe; or not, as the case might be. The lower the plot. For this-to happen to one's remains was
duced a series of gladiatorial reliefs which have been especially the large, widely spread Classical site (northern) Lysis valley, at least, remained in especially horrific to ancient people whose ultimate
studied by L. Robert 1950: 46-62. above the village of Kayadibi, which failed to pro Pamphylia along with Termessos and fear was that their ghost would have to wander rest
Kibyra and its surroundings were visited in the vide evidence which might enable one to identify its Syarba=Verbe (nr. Zivint/Bozova), where they were less across the earth for ever. Arguably, such a fear
nineteenth century by a series of travellers who ancient name. counted at the Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325, was also the basis of the expression, "Not to pass to
made valuable topographical observations and More than 60 new inscriptions, mostly funerary, because at the Council of Chalcedon in A.D. 451 the heirs," which occurs on some tombs, for one's
copied many ancient texts. In the late 1940s and were recorded this season, during visits to 34 villages Lysinia, at the west end of Lake Burdur, was in heirs might be tempted to have themselves buried in
1950s Professor George Bean visited the area fre and small towns. They provide valuable information Pamphylia Prima, along with Pogla and Isinda, the the tomb, throwing out one's own remains to make
quently and contributed much to our knowledge of on the mixture of population in the region in the province having been subdivided for ecclesiastical room for theirs. It also explains the phrase, "Copy
its ancient sites and inscriptions. In the 1970s Roman period. East of the Eren <;ay1, the Pisidian purposes into Prima and Secunda in the meantime. lodged with the city archives," or sometimes, for
Professor 0-mit Serdaroglu, with a team from influence is strong, although the main part of the See RE XVIIl.3 (1949) 375-6 s.v. "Pamphylia" greater security, "Two copies lodged with the
Ankara University, carried out several seasons of population appears to have been formed by the (Ruge); and Brandt 1992: 169. Keretapa archives," for if the owner's protestations were dis
topographical survey at Kibyra itself, and produced Milyadeis. See further discussion in Hall 1986: Diokaisareia, on the western side of the Sagi.it • believed, the only proof of ownership was the
an excellent site-plan, of which a copy is kept by 137-157. mountains, was originally in Asia (cf. Ptolemy 5.2), inscription and copies of the same: would-be inter
Burdur museum. However, no comprehensive col followed Kibyra into Phrygia-Caria by A.D. 250 lopers were discouraged from erasing the inscription
lection of epigraphical material has yet been It is likely that the lower Lysis (Eren <;ay1) valley along with Heracleia Salbake, Apollonia Salbake, if they knew there was a certified, publicly available
produced. The records of what has been published, under the Romans was attributed to Pisidia, which Tabai, and Hierapolis, all under the provincial cap copy. Likewise the provision of penalties for viola
with some unpublished material, are housed in the formed part of Galatia in the reign of Augustus, ital at Aphrodisias, cf. Roueche 1993: 182-3, and tion of the tomb was designed to appeal to the
Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, which has and apparently remained there throughout the finally went to Phrygia Pacatiana in the early fourth financial interest of anyone in authority, typically
long proposed to publish all the known Classical Flavian and Trajanic period. Then about the end of century, where it is listed by Hierocles, 666.2. the city, or the imperial treasury: it was hoped that
inscriptions in Volume 11.5.1 of the series Tituli Hadrian's reign Pisidia was attached to Lycia It may be useful to discuss some characteristics of officials so employed would protect the tomb by
Asiae Minoris, a project left unfinished by Professor Pamphy lia, cf. Christo! and Drew-Bear 1991: Hall's collection. The greater part of the material exacting the stated penalty, which was evidently
Bean at the time of his death in 1977. 401-4. The new frontier of Lycia-Pamphylia, which consists of "funerary columns". These typically effective at law, from interlopers. To encourage
Most of the 82 new texts are funerary. In the ran along the Sagi.it and Baria Daglar ranges, round, bollard-shaped stones, with a slight taper informers there was often a reward specified for
Golhisar plain the predominant type is the funerary apparently taking in Takina (so Christo! and Drew towards the top and mouldings at both ends, are them too (not in the present collection, however);
column in many cases intended to carry busts and/or Bear), included the northern shore of Lake Burdur occasionally equipped with panels on which are officialdom needed their services in order to act at
reliefs of the deceased; the same is probably true for (Ascania) and the lower (northern) parts of the engraved naif figures representing the deceased and all. If the law failed, there was often a final appeal
many of the square, funerary "altars" also. Of the Lysis valley. If part of the territory of Kibyra his relatives. Likenesses are hardly intended, and to the gods to take angry vengeance upon violators.
texts recorded ·by earlier travellers, only a small (whose city was then in Asia) extended to the river scholars have debated whether the banquet scenes But the fact that curses are not universal implies that
number have been rediscovered. The intensive agri valley, and that territory was wholly in Asia, then on some were supposed to take place in this or the many were not convinced of the efficacy of such
cultural and building activities of recent years have the provincial boundary will have reached the river next world. Current opinion avoids this dilemma by divine protection~)
brought new inscriptions to light, but this process east of Karamanh and Tefenni before crossing it holding that their true meaning was to show the In a class of inscriptions from Kibyra dated to the
has also led to the destruction of many of the small presumably to take in Lagbe further south (lying piety of the person commemorated, pouring liba first century B.C. and the Julio-Claudian period, par
er ancient buildings in the open countryside, immediately to the north of Lake Sagi.it, cf. French tions to the gods at a sacrificial feast - correct form alleled in many other places in Asia Minor ( our
particularly rural sanctuaries and heroa, of which 1994: 87-92). These borders seem to have survived for boLh the living and the hcroiscd "undead" thal inscrs. 15.32, 15.33, 15.34, 30.19, 30.39, 33.3, 51.4,
the shattered remains were seen in several places. further administrative changes, such as the transfer thdy hoped to become. Other than these scenes, 54, cf. Broughton 1938: 546-8), several funerary
I .
of Lycia-Pamphylia to the Senate by the A.D. 160's so1I ~1cl epa:l busts of the det":eased, and others men- columns record honours paid by "the People (o f
II. EREN CAY I (L YSIS FL UMEN) (Sahin 1992: 77-90) and the emperors' imposition tidn such images in their inscriptions. Like Petersen Kibyra) and the Roman Businessmen here/in
of equestrian praesides as governors in the second ai✓d von Luschan (d. PvL. II (1889) 166). Hall even Kibyra" to the deceased, usually a "gold crown"
VALLEY.
half of the third century, until at least A.D. 313, cf. found a couple of inscribed headless funerary busts (perhaps meaning a gilded bronze wreath - placed
OGIS 569, CTh. 13.10.10 and CJ. 11.49.1. By A.D. which will have stood on such columns (and this is on the funerary bust?), sometimes also a "gold
In the second season, which was carried out between 325, however, Pamphylia, Lycia, and Pisidia had likely to have been the original purpose of the image" (given the funerary context perhaps implying
16th September and 2nd October, 1985, in areas of become three separate provinces. It is not clear design). These busts clearly stood for an image of a gilded bronze bust?). Not all of these inscriptions
Burdur iii dependent upon Golhisar, Tefenni, whether the upper (southern) Lysis valley and the deceased, fulfilling somewhat the function of the contain words of remembrance, but they are proba
Ye§ilova and Burdur, Hall was accompanied by Bay Lagbe had already followed Kibyra into Phrygia modern cemetery photograph, but as with most bly all so to be interpreted. They were perhaps
Kastm Akb1y1koglu of U§ak Museum. The follow- Caria ea. A.D. 250. A milestone at Ece which uses ancient art they were not intended to be a likeness erected at the time of the (public?) funeral; but it is
xiv xv
i
L
The Kibyra-Olbasa Region Introduction
unclear whether the honours (the right to a gold a Greek onomastic inventory; then an ltalo-Roman and Osaeis are found almost exclusively in the Boubon: RE III (1897) col. 933 s.v. "Bubon 1"
crown, golden image, etc.) were originally bestowed onomastic inventory was added to the Greek; final Lysis valley. Hieron is popular only in central (W. Ruge); HK. II (1897) 39-41; Robert, Bull. 1950:
during the lifetime of the deceased, or only in death. ly native names were ousted by Graeco-Roman Kibyratis (cf. Hiereus found only in the Lysis 183; Schindler 1971; RE Suppl. XIV (1974) col. 77-8
The honorands are invariably prominent local citi names altogether: by the fourth century A.D. native valley), but Moles, Molesis and Magas are (S. Jameson); PECS 170 (G.E. Bean); Bean 1978:
zens, male or female, and the fact that they are names were uncommon. The Graeco-Roman civili favoured only in south Kibyratis. Aside from those 164-66;
always honoured jointly by the two communities - sation had not merely taken root, but taken over. that turn out to be low-class Greek soubriquets, Hadrianoi: Bean 1959: 91 ff., 108, 110;
the Demos and the Romans - suggests that their From the Imperial period, a particular series of some of the epichoric names left untouched by Keretapa-Diokaisareia: RE XI (1921) col. 287-8
merits lay in smoothing relations and facilitating inscriptions lists devotees of the cult of Zeus Robert may be unreliable, pending revision of the (W. Ruge); RE XX (1941) col. 835 s.v. "Phrygie
mutually profitable enterprises between members of Sabazios which was especially vigorous in the original inscriptions by autopsy: among the identi (Topographie): Keretapa-Diokaisareia" (W. Ruge);
the two groups. That the Romans never appear estate villages around Tefenni ( especially the fiable epichoric names of the onomastic inventory Robert 1962: 105-21, 318-338; Leschhorn 1993:
alone as honouring anyone in this way implies at "People of the Ormeleis", which may imply a place for the Lysis valley, Ena(s), Kobellis, Osaeis, 287-88;
least a wish not to be seen to usurp the authority of name "Ormela", cf. Cronert 1902: 152-4). These Saous, and Sournos appear to be not so much Kibyra: PvL. II (1889): 186-92; HK. I (1897) 1-7;
the civic institutions. Another reference to public fertile cornlands belonged to absentee Roman sen Pisidian as Milyadic (cf. Hall, Coulton 1990: 134, RE XI (1921) col. 374-77 s.v. "Kibyra 1"
(funerary?) honours occur in inscr. 42; this perhaps atorial landlords, cf. Broughton 1934: 224-9 and and our inscrs. 65, 72, 115). Some of these names (W. Ruge); RE XX (1941) col. 836 s.v. "Phrygie
did not involve a group of "Romans" as such. On id. 1938: 671-3. While the administrators (epitropoi may be theophorics; possibly Osaeis, Saous and (Topographie): Kibyra" (W. Ruge); Robert 1954:
Roman businessmen at Kibyra, see also Hatzfeld or procuratores) and estate managers (pragmateutai Sournos are to be associated with local deities with 423 (index); PECS 453-54 (G.E. Bean); Bean 1978:
1919: 122-3 and 228-9. How "the Roman or actores) were normally slaves, the tenant-farm hellenized names such as Hosios (kai Dikaios), 161-64;
Businessmen" in these cities organized themselves is ers and peasants were not, although in many cases Soter, and Soazios; but this is speculation. Kibyratis: westward extent, Naour 1976: 111 and
unknown; modern analogies such as guilds and their names suggest servile descent. Many freedmen So Pisidian colonisation of the territories west 121 n.5; general extent, Leschhorn 1993: 357-58; in
chambers of commerce suggest themselves. must have joined the landless poor, and earned a and south of the Lysis valley has left a different the Lysis valley 359-60; in the plain of Karayi.ik
The ability to pay for an inscribed stone does not living farming land rented for kind from a farmer impression on their onomastic lexica (see Hall, 367-69, 371 (cf. Robert 1954: 53, OMS V (1989)
guarantee the literacy of the owner, but shows the general (misthotes or conductor), who rented Coulton 1990). Besides the implication of the mid 733-5);
functionality of written signs in this society. For it is (mainly for cash?) an estate from the landlord second century B.C. war between "the Pisidians" and Kormasa: Bean 1959: 91 ff., 108, 110; v.Aulock 1977:
clear that even very humble people spent money on (ktetor or possessor). The origin of this population Olbasa revealed by our inscr. 145.11, it may be here 140;
graves. Many of Hall's finds were erected by more is an interesting question. The grip of the suggested on the basis of the names that the west Lysis valley: Ramsay 1895: I eh. I, Hall 1986:
than one person, as people clubbed together to raise Anatolian Moon god Men on the Lysis (Eren Cay,) ward-colonising Pisidians were less successful in 137 ff.; Leschhorn 1993: 359-63; see also Ormeleis;
cash for a secure and well-defined plot. Mostly valley is felt in the very large number of people taking exclusive control of the valley in the middle Makropedeitai: Ramsay 1895: I 308; RE XIV (1928)
Greek, their names often reflect a lowly status: called Menis. But Robert's analysis of the proper Hellenistic period than they were farther west at col. 815 (W. Ruge); Bean 1959: 103-4; Jones 1971:
Philodespotos, "Loving the master", and Douleas, names (cf. Robert 1963: 638, index s.v. "Ormeleis Kibyra, Tabai, Kidrama, and south-west at Boubon, 143, 146;
based on doulos, "slave", speak for themselves. en Pisidie ou Phrygie"), incomplete as it is, has Balboura and Oinoanda. However, given that some Olbasa: Duchesne 1877: 332 ff., RE XVII (1937) col.
Others have some surprising Latin names, such as shown a number of names previously taken as epi difference from the wider Pisidian milieu in the pop 2397-99 s.v. "Olbasa" (W. Ruge); PECS 642 (G.E.
Gaios, Astrania and Birro, or hellenized native choric to be Greek, and having, moreover, the ulation of the Lysis valley can be demonstrated, it is Bean); v.Aulock 1977: 39 f.;
names such as Arapias, Moles, Panamues and nature of soubriquets or nicknames. Standard by no means clear what proportion of the free peas Ormeleis: Duchesne 1879: 478 ff., Ramsay 1890: 173
Trokondas. Because of such survivals of the pre Pisidian names (Kadauas, Kidramoas, and ants, slaves and ex-slaves working the estates in ff., idem 1895: I 280 ff.; Broughton 1938: 671 ff.; RE
Hellenic past, it is reasonably supposed that the bulk Ouadaros) form a relatively small group among the Roman times was "Milyadic", nor do we know that XVIII (1942) col. 1101 ff. s.v. 'OpµE/\EWV (W. Ruge);
of the population was hellenized native (broadly remainder. Arguably the Pisidian element here was the Milyadeis were originally unrelated to the Magie 1950: 1325 n.44; Leschhorn 1993: 361-63;
"Pisidian"). It was, however, a population in the less strong than in the upper classes of nearby cities Pisidians. Mitchell 1993: I 163-64;
process of becoming "Roman", and this process is such as Kibyra, Termessos or Balboura. There are Palaiopolis: RE I (1893) col. 1293 s.v. "Alastos"
indirectly attested by epigraphy. Romanisation - the variations, too, in the distribution of high-class A select bibliography of the main ancient cities and (G. Hirschfeld), col. 1480 s.v. "Alieros"
process whereby a native population forgot or aban Greek names which speak in favour of such a dif territories covered is appended: (G. Hirschfeld); Ramsay 1895: I 321-22; RE Suppl.
doned its separate identity, language, and religious ference in the population, as the most popular Balboura: PvL. II (1889): 183-86; RE II (1896) col. I (1903) col. 50 s.v. "Alastos" (W. Ruge); RE XX
and cultural traditions, and adopted those of the Greek names are often chosen for their resem 2819 f. s.v. "Balbura" (W. Ruge); HK. II (1897) (1941) col. 810 s.v. "Phrygie (Topographie):
dominant political power - continued through the blance to a similar-sounding native name, cf. 37-39; RE Suppl. XIV (1974) col. 72-74 Alastos" (W. Ruge); RE XVIII (1942) col. 1105 11.
Imperial period. It was the normal effect by efflux Brixhe 1991: 63-81. Thus Artemis, Artemon, Ge(s), (S. Jameson); PECS 139 (G.E. Bean); Bean 1978: 43-4 s.v. 'OpµE/\EWV (W. Ruge); RE XVIII (1942)
of time of the imposition of Roman direct rule, mil Hermaios, Kallikles, Meleagros, Orestes, Thoas, 166-70; N aour 1980; J .J. Coulton, survey reports, col. 2448-49 s.v. "Palaiopolis" (W. Ruge); Jones
itary occupation, money, infrastructure, and and Troilos are frequent in south and central III.-VIII. AST (Ankara 1985-93); 1971: 143, 416 n.38; v.Aulock 1977: 140.
taxation. As a result of Rome's impact on and inter Kibyratis (Thoas not at Kibyra itself, Kallikles
action with the Greek world, Roman culture in the additionally popular around Lake Burdur), but
East formed an amalgam with the pre-existing rare or non-existent in the Lysis valley (Artemis,
Hellenic, and Greek became the dominant language Artemon and Hermaios being extraordinarily fre
in the eastern Roman Empire. Ignoring the impact quent at Termessos as well, for reasons connected
of Persian names (cf. inscrs. 83, 86.2, 51.4), whose with their resemblance to epichoric names, cf.
effect belongs largely to an earlier period than that Brixhe 1991: 77-81). Krateros, Menandros and
to which the prnsent material relates, we may trace Menis are popular only in the Lysis valley and cen
the following scheme: native names were first made tral Kibyratis, Menandros perhaps being given a
to conform to Greek declensions and were joined by folk-etymology derived from Men, while Attalos
XVI xvii
The Introduction
itd•lb o Kru·.acaOret1
HIAERIANOIIII
DENiZLi
--"~.
ANTALYA
o.. ..... ,...,... ...r.o =====2•0....,..,....,......,l.o===..=.:.=.: ?. .40km
MUG LA
8 e Mod■rn town• and vllln9H
A A ANCIENT SITIES
i::::•--=-•=--c·
1000 15011 2000 Contou.rt 0 ::::a--=:::5:01 11- Map II: The Survey Area
m m Kuom•tr•• ASH85
I: The Anat.St.
the Latin way. The survey area runs north-east
( Hadrianoi) in the centre the map.)
xviii xix