An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate

194 Pages·2011·7.19 MB·English

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During the past few decades, there has been quite some development of energy efficient buildings with ra V ra Vra V
low energy heating consumption; one of these buildings is a passive house which has been successfully la lala
implemented in locations 40° to 60° Northern latitudes. Nowadays, there is a focus on implementation dy dydy
of a passive house in more demanding climate of the Arctic regions. The analyses presented in this thesis ko koko
offer a theoretical possibility of building a fundamental passive house in the Arctic and an improvement va vava
of the technical solutions in a full sense of definition. Furthermore, a discussion of the new definition is
presented based on the optimization of building construction products and adaptation of a passive house An energy efficient building
in the Arctic.
The adaptation of a passive house in the Arctic is based on the best combination of building design for the Arctic climate
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aspects, climate characteristics, the material availability and energy resources combined with ecological n nn
impacts. e e e
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rg rgrg Is a passive house sensible solution for Greenland?
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ing inging Petra Vladykova
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- Is - Is - Is PhD Thesis
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pa pa pa Department of Civil Engineering
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iv iviv 2011
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ible ibleible DTU Civil Engineering Report R-243 (UK)
s s s April 2011
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DTU Civil Engineering n nn
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Department of Civil Engineering n nn
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Technical University of Denmark ? ??
Brovej, Building 118
2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Telephone [phone] R RR
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www.byg.dtu.dk rt rtrt
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ISBN: 9788778773234 3 33
ISSN: 1601-2917 2 2 2
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i
Preface
This thesis is submitted for the Ph.D. degree to the Department of Civil Engineering at
the Technical University of Denmark.
The study described in the thesis has been carried out from August 2007 to April 2011. It should be
noted that a leave of absence for a total of 8.5 months has occurred during the process of working
on the thesis. The funding for this Ph.D. is from the Technical University of Denmark.
The work has been conducted at BYG - Section for Building Physics and Services, Department of
Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. The supervisors were Head of Section
Professor Carsten Rode (BYG DTU), Associate Professor Toke Rammer Nielsen (BYG DTU) and
M.Sc. Søren Pedersen (Passivhus.dk, Passivhus.fi).

Petra Vladykova
.1102 ,51 lirpA ,ybgnyL snegnoK
Kongens Lyngby, April 15, 2011.
avokydalV arteP

.)if.suhvissaP ,kd.suhvissaP( nesredeP nerøS .cS.M
dna )UTD GYB( nesleiN remmaR ekoT rosseforP etaicossA ,)UTD GYB( edoR netsraC rosseforP
noitceS fo daeH erew srosivrepus ehT .kramneD fo ytisrevinU lacinhceT ,gnireenignE liviC
fo tnemtrapeD ,secivreS dna scisyhP gnidliuB rof noitceS - GYB ta detcudnoc neeb sah krow ehT
.kramneD fo ytisrevinU lacinhceT eht morf si .D.hP siht rof gnidnuf ehT .siseht eht no
gnikrow fo ssecorp eht gnirud derrucco sah shtnom 5.8 fo latot a rof ecnesba fo evael a taht deton
eb dluohs tI .1102 lirpA ot 7002 tsuguA morf tuo deirrac neeb sah siseht eht ni debircsed yduts ehT
.kramneD fo ytisrevinU lacinhceT eht
ta gnireenignE liviC fo tnemtrapeD eht ot eerged .D.hP eht rof dettimbus si siseht sihT
ecaferP
i
ii

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Acknowledgments
Many people have helped me during the years of study and I would like to thank them all for their
help and contributions. I would like to give a special thanks and appreciation to the following:
- My supervisor, Carsten Rode, for endless support, valuable inputs and encouragements
which he offered me whenever my spirits were down.
- My other two supervisors Søren Pedersen and Toke Rammer Nielsen, for inspiring
discussions and very valuable inputs.
- Peter Holzer, for his help during external stay at the Danube University Krems, Austria.
- All colleagues at BYG, for their support.
- All colleagues at ARTEK, for taking me along and introducing me to Greenland.
- My colleague Janne Dragsted, for walks and talks.
- DTU for granting me the Ph.D. scholarship.
- A special thanks to my family, Michal and all my friends for their support.

.troppus rieht rof sdneirf ym lla dna lahciM ,ylimaf ym ot sknaht laiceps A -
.pihsralohcs .D.hP eht em gnitnarg rof UTD -
.sklat dna sklaw rof ,detsgarD ennaJ eugaelloc yM -
.dnalneerG ot em gnicudortni dna gnola em gnikat rof ,KETRA ta seugaelloc llA -
.troppus rieht rof ,GYB ta seugaelloc llA -
.airtsuA ,smerK ytisrevinU ebunaD eht ta yats lanretxe gnirud pleh sih rof ,rezloH reteP -
.stupni elbaulav yrev dna snoissucsid
gniripsni rof ,nesleiN remmaR ekoT dna nesredeP nerøS srosivrepus owt rehto yM -
.nwod erew stirips ym revenehw em dereffo eh hcihw
stnemegaruocne dna stupni elbaulav ,troppus sseldne rof ,edoR netsraC ,rosivrepus yM -
:gniwollof eht ot noitaicerppa dna sknaht laiceps a evig ot ekil dluow I .snoitubirtnoc dna pleh
rieht rof lla meht knaht ot ekil dluow I dna yduts fo sraey eht gnirud em depleh evah elpoep ynaM
stnemgdelwonkcA
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vi

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List of appended papers
This thesis is based on analyses which are described partly in the body of the thesis and in
the following articles which are the basis of this dissertation. The enclosed publications are papers
presented at international conferences and papers accepted in, or submitted to, scientific journals.

Appended papers

Paper I Passive houses for the Arctic Climates
Petra Vladykova, Carsten Rode, Toke Rammer Nielsen, Søren Pedersen

Published in the 1st Norden Passivhus Conference, Trondheim, Norway, 2009
1102 ,gnireenignE snoigeR dloC fo lanruoJ eht ot dettimbuS

edoR netsraC ,avokydalV arteP
Paper II The potential and need for energy savings in standard family detached and
tpecnoc esuoh evissap a no desab
semi-detached wooden houses in arctic Greenland
setamilc citcrA rof noitulos gnidliub elbanosaer dna etairporppa na fo yduts ehT IV repaP
Søren Peter Bjarløv, Petra Vladykova

Published in the Journal of Building and Environment, 2010
1102 ,dnalniF ,erepmaT ,scisyhP gnidliuB no muisopmyS cidroN 9 eht ni dehsilbuP
ht
edoR netsraC ,avokydalV arteP
Paper III Low-energy house in Arctic climate - 5 years of experience
citcrA
Petra Vladykova, Carsten Rode, Jesper Kragh, Martin Kotol
dna eporuE neewteb secnereffid s’ngised gnidliub eht morf laitnetop ygrene ehT V repaP
Accepted in the Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2011

9002 ,ynamreG ,niaM
Paper IV Passive houses in the Arctic. Measures and alternatives
ma trufknarF ,esuoH evissaP no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI 31 eht ni dehsilbuP
ht Petra Vladykova, Carsten Rode, Toke Rammer Nielsen, Søren Pedersen
nesredeP nerøS ,nesleiN remmaR ekoT ,edoR netsraC ,avokydalV arteP
Published in the 13th International Conference on Passive House, Frankfurt am
sevitanretla dna serusaeM .citcrA eht ni sesuoh evissaP VI repaP
Main, Germany, 2009

1102 ,gnireenignE snoigeR dloC fo lanruoJ eht ni detpeccA
Paper V The energy potential from the building design’s differences between Europe and
lotoK nitraM ,hgarK repseJ ,edoR netsraC ,avokydalV arteP
Arctic
ecneirepxe fo sraey 5 - etamilc citcrA ni esuoh ygrene-woL III repaP
Petra Vladykova, Carsten Rode

Published in the 9th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, Tampere, Finland, 2011
0102 ,tnemnorivnE dna gnidliuB fo lanruoJ eht ni dehsilbuP

avokydalV arteP ,vølrajB reteP nerøS
Paper VI The study of an appropriate and reasonable building solution for Arctic climates
dnalneerG citcra ni sesuoh nedoow dehcated-imes
based on a passive house concept
dna dehcated ylimaf dradnats ni sgnivas ygrene rof deen dna laitnetop ehT II repaP
Petra Vladykova, Carsten Rode

Submitted to the Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2011
9002 ,yawroN ,miehdnorT ,ecnerefnoC suhvissaP nedroN 1 eht ni dehsilbuP
ts
nesredeP nerøS ,nesleiN remmaR ekoT ,edoR netsraC ,avokydalV arteP
setamilC citcrA eht rof sesuoh evissaP I repaP
srepap dedneppA

.slanruoj cifitneics ,ot dettimbus ro ,ni detpecca srepap dna secnerefnoc lanoitanretni ta detneserp
srepap era snoitacilbup desolcne ehT .noitatressid siht fo sisab eht era hcihw selcitra gniwollof eht
ni dna siseht eht fo ydob eht ni yltrap debircsed era hcihw sesylana no desab si siseht sihT
srepap dedneppa fo tsiL
v
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Abstract
.citcrA eht ni elbaliava seigolonhcet gnidliub
eht dna seulav ngised latnemadnuf gnisu stsoc hgih yrev ta snoiger citcrA eht ni dezilaer eb The Arctic is climatically very different from a temperate climate. In the Arctic regions, the ambient
nac setamilc lla ot seilppa hcihw noitinifed latnemadnuf ehT .gnidliub a fo emit efil eht ni kcab yap temperature reaches extreme values and it has a direct large impact on the heat loss through
ot sraey ynam oot ekat dluow hcihw sdradnats hgih ylemertxe fo snoitulos lacinhcet fo noisivorp eht the building envelope and it creates problems with the foundation due to the permafrost. The solar
dna slairetam gnidliub eht rof stsoc hgih rucni dluow taht tub ,gnitaeh lanoitidart fo tsoc eht evas ot pattern is completely different due to the limited availability in winter, yet, in summer, the sun is
erofereht dna citcrA eht ni esuoh evissap a fo noitinifed latnemadnuf eht lifluf yletelpmoc ot elbissop above horizon for 24 hours. Furthermore, the sunrays reach the vertical opaque elements at
si ti ,yroeht nI .setamilc dloc eht ni esuoh evissap a fo ecnamrofrep ygrene eht hguorht etamilc shallow angles. The great winds and storms have large effects on the infiltration of buildings and
etarepmet eht ni desu sdradnats esuoh evissap tnerruc esylana ot si yduts eht fo tcejbo ehT they heavily influence the infiltration heat loss through the building envelope. The wind patterns
have large influences on the local microclimate around the building and create the snowdrift and
.snoiger citcrA eht ni snoitautis yradnuob fo snoitagitsevni
problems with thawing, icing and possible condensation in the building envelope. The humidity in
dna ,smetsys dna epolevne gnidliub eht gnidulcni sretemarap gnidliub fo snoitagitsevni
the interior is driven out through the building envelope in the winter due to the pressure difference,
,esuoh evissap a fo noitinifed latnemadnuf eht morf devired citcrA eht ni esuoh tneiciffe ygrene na
strong winds and low water ratio in the outdoor air. The Arctic is also defined by different conditions
fo esu lamitpo eht enimreted ot si yduts .D.hP siht fo esoprup ehT .citcrA eht ni gnidliub tneiciffe
such as building techniques and availability of the materials and energy supply.
ygrene emertxe na fo egasu wen a fo ytilibissop eht gnitset si noitatressid siht ni sisehtopyh ehT
The passive house uses the basic idea of a super energy efficient house in which the normal
.secruos rehto
hydronic heating system can be omitted. The savings in investment for a traditional hydronic
dna ,secnailppa citsemod eht dna ,seitivitca rieht dna stnapucco sti morf taeh eht ,taeh ralos sa
heating system are spent on energy conserving components such as increased insulation in
hcus sniag eerf fo egatnavda sekat osla esuoh evissap A .ytilauq ria roodni yrotcafsitas a serusne
a super airtight building shell, super efficient windows to produce the net positive solar gain, and
hcihw tinu yrevocer taeh eht retfa ria hserf fo gnitaeh-tsop yb deilppus eb tsuj nac m/W 01 fo
2
a ventilation system with very efficient heat recovery. To design a passive house in the way it is
taeh eht dna aera ten a sa snoitidnoc dradnats eht ot gnidrocca denifed llew si gnidliub eht fo aera
defined by Wolfgang Feist, the founder of the Passivhaus Institute, its annual heat demand should
gnivil ehT .noitazirusserp aP 05 ta h 6.0 fo egnahc ria detimil swolla epolevne gnidliub eht hcihw ni
1-
not exceed 15 kWh/(m2∙a) and its total primary energy demand should not exceed 120 kWh/(m2∙a)
)a∙ m(/hWk 021 deecxe ton dluohs dnamed ygrene yramirp latot sti dna )a∙m(/hWk 51 deecxe ton
2 2
in which the building envelope allows limited air change of 0.6 h-1 at 50 Pa pressurization. The living
dluohs dnamed taeh launna sti ,etutitsnI suahvissaP eht fo rednuof eht ,tsieF gnagfloW yb denifed
area of the building is well defined according to the standard conditions as a net area and the heat
si ti yaw eht ni esuoh evissap a ngised oT .yrevocer taeh tneiciffe yrev htiw metsys noitalitnev a
of 10 W/m2 can just be supplied by post-heating of fresh air after the heat recovery unit which
dna ,niag ralos evitisop ten eht ecudorp ot swodniw tneiciffe repus ,llehs gnidliub thgitria repus a
ensures a satisfactory indoor air quality. A passive house also takes advantage of free gains such
ni noitalusni desaercni sa hcus stnenopmoc gnivresnoc ygrene no tneps era metsys gnitaeh
as solar heat, the heat from its occupants and their activities, and the domestic appliances, and
cinordyh lanoitidart a rof tnemtsevni ni sgnivas ehT .dettimo eb nac metsys gnitaeh cinordyh
other sources.
lamron eht hcihw ni esuoh tneiciffe ygrene repus a fo aedi cisab eht sesu esuoh evissap ehT
The hypothesis in this dissertation is testing the possibility of a new usage of an extreme energy
.ylppus ygrene dna slairetam eht fo ytilibaliava dna seuqinhcet gnidliub sa hcus
efficient building in the Arctic. The purpose of this Ph.D. study is to determine the optimal use of
snoitidnoc tnereffid yb denifed osla si citcrA ehT .ria roodtuo eht ni oitar retaw wol dna sdniw gnorts
an energy efficient house in the Arctic derived from the fundamental definition of a passive house,
,ecnereffid erusserp eht ot eud retniw eht ni epolevne gnidliub eht hguorht tuo nevird si roiretni eht
investigations of building parameters including the building envelope and systems, and
ni ytidimuh ehT .epolevne gnidliub eht ni noitasnednoc elbissop dna gnici ,gniwaht htiw smelborp
investigations of boundary situations in the Arctic regions.
dna tfirdwons eht etaerc dna gnidliub eht dnuora etamilcorcim lacol eht no secneulfni egral evah
snrettap dniw ehT .epolevne gnidliub eht hguorht ssol taeh noitartlifni eht ecneulfni ylivaeh yeht The object of the study is to analyse current passive house standards used in the temperate
dna sgnidliub fo noitartlifni eht no stceffe egral evah smrots dna sdniw taerg ehT .selgna wollahs climate through the energy performance of a passive house in the cold climates. In theory, it is
ta stnemele euqapo lacitrev eht hcaer syarnus eht ,eromrehtruF .sruoh 42 rof noziroh evoba possible to completely fulfil the fundamental definition of a passive house in the Arctic and therefore
si nus eht ,remmus ni ,tey ,retniw ni ytilibaliava detimil eht ot eud tnereffid yletelpmoc si nrettap to save the cost of traditional heating, but that would incur high costs for the building materials and
ralos ehT .tsorfamrep eht ot eud noitadnuof eht htiw smelborp setaerc ti dna epolevne gnidliub eht the provision of technical solutions of extremely high standards which would take too many years to
hguorht ssol taeh eht no tcapmi egral tcerid a sah ti dna seulav emertxe sehcaer erutarepmet pay back in the life time of a building. The fundamental definition which applies to all climates can
tneibma eht ,snoiger citcrA eht nI .etamilc etarepmet a morf tnereffid yrev yllacitamilc si citcrA ehT be realized in the Arctic regions at very high costs using fundamental design values and the
building technologies available in the Arctic.
tcartsbA
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Based on the investigations, the optimal energy performing building is derived from a passive
house concept. The passive house optimisation follows the main design rule in the Arctic and this is
focused on minimizing the heat loss before maximizing the heat gains followed by the optimisation
of the essential building elements and the implementation of the necessary equipments in the cold
regions such as a highly efficient ventilation system with heat recovery. Furthermore,
the implementation of a passive house concept in a cold climate needs to be based on sensible
solutions regarding material use, and, on a practical level, using available technologies and
resources. The adaptation of a passive house in the Arctic needs to take into account also different
socioeconomic conditions, building traditions and use of buildings, survival issue, sustainability and
power supply, among others. In the Arctic, the energy efficient house based on a passive house
concept offers a sustainable solution to the operation of the building with regarding the heating and
the consumption of electricity, but, the energy, money investment and CO footprint needed to build
2
such a house would be demanding. Yet, using these energy efficient buildings, there is
an opportunity to improve indoor climate, health and security towards extreme climate for
the inhabitants in the Arctic areas. Furthermore, the development and usage of extremely
energy efficient buildings in the Arctic can lead to new experiences with extremely well-insulating
building components, airtight constructions and well-functioning ventilation systems.

.smetsys noitalitnev gninoitcnuf-llew dna snoitcurtsnoc thgitria ,stnenopmoc gnidliub
gnitalusni-llew ylemertxe htiw secneirepxe wen ot dael nac citcrA eht ni sgnidliub tneiciffe ygrene
ylemertxe fo egasu dna tnempoleved eht ,eromrehtruF .saera citcrA eht ni stnatibahni eht
rof etamilc emertxe sdrawot ytiruces dna htlaeh ,etamilc roodni evorpmi ot ytinutroppo na
si ereht ,sgnidliub tneiciffe ygrene eseht gnisu ,teY .gnidnamed eb dluow esuoh a hcus
dliub ot dedeen tnirptoof 2OC dna tnemtsevni yenom ,ygrene eht ,tub ,yticirtcele fo noitpmusnoc eht
dna gnitaeh eht gnidrager htiw gnidliub eht fo noitarepo eht ot noitulos elbaniatsus a sreffo tpecnoc
esuoh evissap a no desab esuoh tneiciffe ygrene eht ,citcrA eht nI .srehto gnoma ,ylppus rewop
dna ytilibaniatsus ,eussi lavivrus ,sgnidliub fo esu dna snoitidart gnidliub ,snoitidnoc cimonoceoicos
tnereffid osla tnuocca otni ekat ot sdeen citcrA eht ni esuoh evissap a fo noitatpada ehT .secruoser
dna seigolonhcet elbaliava gnisu ,level lacitcarp a no ,dna ,esu lairetam gnidrager snoitulos
elbisnes no desab eb ot sdeen etamilc dloc a ni tpecnoc esuoh evissap a fo noitatnemelpmi eht
,eromrehtruF .yrevocer taeh htiw metsys noitalitnev tneiciffe ylhgih a sa hcus snoiger
dloc eht ni stnempiuqe yrassecen eht fo noitatnemelpmi eht dna stnemele gnidliub laitnesse eht fo
noitasimitpo eht yb dewollof sniag taeh eht gnizimixam erofeb ssol taeh eht gniziminim no desucof
si siht dna citcrA eht ni elur ngised niam eht swollof noitasimitpo esuoh evissap ehT .tpecnoc esuoh
evissap a morf devired si gnidliub gnimrofrep ygrene lamitpo eht ,snoitagitsevni eht no desaB
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Resume
ereminim ta åp teresukof re ted go ,sitkrA i nelger ngised etsgitgiv ed regløf gniremitpo suhvissaP
.tetpecnok suhvissap arf gningyb egissæmigrene elamitpo ned remmats ,reslegøsrednu åp teresaB
.sitkrA i dehgidår lit re red reigolonketsnegningyb ed tmas ,reidræv ngised edneggældnurg Arktis er klimatisk meget forskellig fra et tempereret klima. I de arktiske områder, når den
fa eslettyneb dev regnintsokmo erots tegem dem renoiger eksitkra ed i seresilaer nak enoz amilk omgivende temperatur ekstreme værdier, hvilket har stor indflydelse på varmetabet gennem
ella i redlæg red ,noitinifed edneggældnurg neD .ditevel snegningyb lit noitaler i elatebegablit ta klimaskærmen, som skaber problemer under fundamentet på grund af permafrosten. Solens
rå egnam egat elliv teklivh ,dradnats jøh tegem fa regninsøl eksinket fa gnirevel ,relairetameggyb fa mønster er helt anderledes på grund af den begrænsede anvendelighed om vinteren, men om
mrof i regnintsokmo erots erøfdem elliv etted nem ,gninmravpo lenoitidart lit enretfigdu eraps sommeren står solen over horisonten 24 timer i døgnet. Endvidere bestråler solen lodrette
demred go sitkrA i suhvissap te fa renoitinifed edneggældnurg ed edlyfpo ta tgilum neiroet i re teD uigennemskinnelige elementer i lave vinkler. De stærke vinde og storme påvirker infiltration af
.dlohrof eksitka rednu suh vissap te fa enveedy egissæmigrene ned menneg ,reamilk edererepmet i bygninger meget og har stor indflydelse på varmetabet gennem klimaskærmen. Vindens mønstre
sednevna mos ,redradnats suhvissap elleutka eresylana ta re neslegøsrednu dem telåmroF har store indflydelse på det lokale mikroklima omkring bygningen og skabe snedrive, samt
problemer med optøning, isdannelse og mulig kondens i klimaskærmen. Fugtigheden indendørs
.redårmo eksitkra ed i renoitautis enesnærgfa ed fa reslegøsrednu go ,remetsys
drives ud igennem klimaskærmen om vinteren grundet trykforskellen, kraftig vind, samt et lavt
go nemræksamilk rednureh rertemarap sgningyb fa reslegøsrednu ,suhvissap te fa noitinifed
vandindhold i luften udenfor. Arktis er også defineret ved forskellige forhold som byggeteknikker og
edneggældnurg ned i tknupsgnagdu dem sitkrA i suh vitkeffeigrene te fa eslettyndu elamitpo
tilgængeligheden af materialer og energiforsyning.
ned emmetseb ta re gnildnahfa .D.hP enned dem telåmroF .eksitkrA ted i gningyb vitkeffeigrene
mertske ne fa eslednevna yn ne rof nedehgilum etset ta re gnildnahfa enned i taspo nesetopyH Passivhuse princippet benytter den grundlæggende idé med et super energieffektiv hus, hvor det
normale vandbaserede varmeanlæg kan udelades. Besparelserne opnåede ved investering
.redlik erdna tmas ,retarappasgnindlohsuh go renosrep arf dukslitemrav nretni ,emravlos mosås
i et traditionel vandbaseret varmesystem bruges på energibesparende komponenter såsom øget
,retsniveg sitarg ed i neledrof åsgo rettyneb suhvissap tE .tetilavktful srødnedni ednellitssderflit
isolering, super lufttæt klimaskærm, energi effektive vinduer til opnåelse af solvarme, og
ne rerkis red nedehne gnidnivnegemrav mennegi ,tful ksirf temravpo fa serevel nak m/W 01
2
et ventilationssystem med en meget effektiv varmegenvinding. At designe et passivhus ud fra
åp nemrav go ,laeraotten te mos nemron lit dlohneh i terenifedlev re telaerasesleobeB .aP 05 åp
metoden defineret af Wolfgang Feist, grundlæggeren af Passivhaus Institut, må husets årlige
kyrtrevo te dev h 6,0 lit sesnærgeb sedelegil laks tesuh rof tetfikstfuL .)a∙m(/hWk 021 egitsrevo
1- 2
varmebehov ikke overstiger 15 kWh/(m2∙a), og det samlede primære energibehov må ikke
ekki åm vohebigrene eræmirp edelmas ted go ,)a∙m(/hWk 51 regitsrevo ekki vohebemrav
2
overstige 120 kWh/(m2∙a). Luftskiftet for huset skal ligeledes begrænses til 0,6 h-1 ved et overtryk
egilrå stesuh åm ,tutitsnI suahvissaP fa nereggældnurg ,tsieF gnagfloW fa terenifed nedotem
på 50 Pa. Beboelsesarealet er veldefineret i henhold til normen som et nettoareal, og varmen på
arf du suhvissap te engised tA .gnidnivnegemrav vitkeffe tegem ne dem metsyssnoitalitnev te
10 W/m2 kan leveres af opvarmet frisk luft, igennem varmegenvinding enheden der sikrer en
go ,emravlos fa esleånpo lit reudniv evitkeffe igrene ,mræksamilk tættful repus ,gnirelosi
tilfredsstillende indendørs luftkvalitet. Et passivhus benytter også fordelen i de gratis gevinster,
tegø mosås retnenopmok ednerapsebigrene åp segurb metsysemrav teresabdnav lenoitidart te i
såsom solvarme, intern varmetilskud fra personer og husholdningsapparater, samt andre kilder.
gniretsevni dev edeånpo enreslerapseB .sedaledu nak gælnaemrav ederesabdnav elamron
ted rovh ,suh vitkeffeigrene repus te dem édi edneggældnurg ned rettyneb teppicnirp esuhvissaP Hypotesen opsat i denne afhandling er at teste muligheden for en ny anvendelse af en ekstrem
energieffektiv bygning i det Arktiske. Formålet med denne Ph.D. afhandling er at bestemme den
.gninysrofigrene go relairetam fa nedehgilegnæglit
optimale udnyttelse af et energieffektiv hus i Arktis med udgangspunkt i den grundlæggende
go rekkinketeggyb mos dlohrof egilleksrof dev terenifed åsgo re sitkrA .rofnedu netful i dlohdnidnav
definition af et passivhus, undersøgelser af bygnings parametrer herunder klimaskærmen og
tval te tmas ,dniv gitfark ,nelleksrofkyrt tednurg neretniv mo nemræksamilk mennegi du sevird
systemer, og undersøgelser af de afgrænsene situationer i de arktiske områder.
srødnedni nedehgitguF .nemræksamilk i snednok gilum go eslennadsi ,gninøtpo dem remelborp
tmas ,evirdens ebaks go negningyb gnirkmo amilkorkim elakol ted åp esledylfdni erots rah Formålet med undersøgelsen er at analysere aktuelle passivhus standarder, som anvendes
ertsnøm snedniV .nemræksamilk menneg tebatemrav åp esledylfdni rots rah go tegem regningyb i tempererede klimaer, gennem den energimæssige ydeevne af et passiv hus under aktiske forhold.
fa noitartlifni rekrivåp emrots go edniv ekræts eD .relkniv eval i retnemele egilenniksmennegiu Det er i teorien muligt at opfylde de grundlæggende definitioner af et passivhus i Arktis og dermed
etterdol nelos relårtseb eredivdnE .tengød i remit 42 netnosiroh revo nelos råts neremmos spare udgifterne til traditionel opvarmning, men dette ville medføre store omkostninger i form
mo nem ,neretniv mo dehgilednevna edesnærgeb ned fa dnurg åp sedelredna tleh re retsnøm af byggematerialer, levering af tekniske løsninger af meget høj standard, hvilket ville tage mange år
sneloS .netsorfamrep fa dnurg åp tetnemadnuf rednu remelborp rebaks mos ,nemræksamilk at tilbagebetale i relation til bygningens levetid. Den grundlæggende definition, der gælder i alle
menneg tebatemrav åp esledylfdni rots rah teklivh ,reidræv emertske rutarepmet ednevigmo klima zone kan realiseres i de arktiske regioner med meget store omkostninger ved benyttelse af
ned rån ,redårmo eksitkra ed I .amilk tererepmet te arf gilleksrof tegem ksitamilk re sitkrA grundlæggende design værdier, samt de bygningensteknologier der er til rådighed i Arktis.
Baseret på undersøgelser, stammer den optimale energimæssige bygning fra passivhus konceptet.
emuseR Passivhus optimering følger de vigtigste design reglen i Arktis, og det er fokuseret på at minimere
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