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prcsenteD to Zbe Xibrar^ ottbe IHniveraiti? of ZToronto PHJ^cJLMs. Soj^ t Ijjik. II ^ a ^ C. 1 WALK li.H. % /HU AN '' ELEMENTARY GEEEK GRAMMAR. BY WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph.D., LL.D., ELIOTPEOFESSOROFGHEEK LlTIKATUBt IN HAKVABDCOLLEGE. REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION. , tP^sO ROSE j^|®£BQfiJP^<?8SpANY. TORONTO, 114 Bay SiisSRb, Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/elementarygreekgOOgooduoft PREFACE This Grammar is partly a revised edition of the Elementary Greek Grammar published in 1870, and partly an independent work. The part which precedes the Inflection of the Verb contains the substance of the former edition revised and enlarged, with many additions to the Paradigms. The part relating to the Inflection of — the Verb, §§ 88 127, has been entirely re-written, and increased from fifty to one hundred pages. Part III., on the Formation of Words, is entirely new. The Syn- tax is in most parts substantially the same as in the former edition but some changes and numerous addi- ; tions have been made, the chief increase being in the sections on the Prepositions. Part V., on Versification, is almost entirely new, and is based to a great extent on tiie Rhythmic and Metric of J. H. H. Schmidt, which has just been published in an English translation by Professor J. W. White. I have not followed Schmidt, however, in making all iambic and anapaestic verses trochaic and dactylic and I have followed the ancient ; authorities in recognizing cyclic anapaests as well as cyclic dactyls. I have adopted the modern doctrine of los^aoedic verses, which enlarges their dominion and reduces them to a uniform | measure, thus avoiding IV PREFACE. many of the incongruities which beset the common theory of these verses. The Catalogue of Verbs is increased from nineteen to thirty-two pages, and contains a greater number of verbs and givesthe formsmore completelythan the formerone. The object has still been to present only the strictly classicforms of eachverb, and therebyto savethe learner from a mass of detail which he may never need. It is surprising how simple many formidable verbs become when all later and doubtful forms are removed. In pre- paring the Catalogue I haverelied constantly on Veitch's Greek Verbs^ Irregular and Defective, a work in the Clarendon Press Series, for which every classical scholar will bless the author. It will be seen that the enlargement has been made chiefly in the part relating to the Inflection of the Verb. There I have adopted (§ 108) the division of verbs in co into eight classes which is employed by G. Curtius: this reduces many of the apparent irregularities of the Greek verb to rule and order. In the former edition I adopted Hadley's addition of a class of " reduplicating" verbs. I have omitted this class as unnecessary in my present arrangement. Of the six verbs (apart from verbs in fxt and verbs in cr/co)) which composed this class, yiyvofiat, i(TX<»>'> and TTtTTTO) are now assigned by Curtius to his "mixed class" ; the first syllable of tlkt(o is now not considered a reduplication by Curtius; /juifjuvo) is used only in the present stem; while Tcrpdo) seems too late a form to affect classification. The chief innovation which I have nowventured tomake in the classification of Cur- tius relates to the large class of verbs which add e- to the PREFACE. V stem in certain tenses not belonging to the present stem. I have no thought of disputing the remark of Curtius that this phenomenon and the addition of e- in the pres- ent stem (as in Sofc-, Bok6-co} are to be explained on simi- lar principles. But it seems obvious that the former is not, like the latter, a process by which the present stem is formed from the simple stem, and it therefore has no place in the classification which we are here considering. Further, the addition of e- in other tenses than the pres- ent occurs in every one of the eight classes of Curtius, so that it must confuse the classification to introduce it there at all. I have therefore included this among the modifications of the stem explained in § 109, thus class- ing it with such phenomena as the addition of a- in certain verbs and other modifications which affect only special tenses. (See § 109, 8.1) In § 120, 1, I have followed the doctrine of F. D. Allen, stated in the American Philolog-icni Transactions for 1873 (pp. 5-19), by which Homeric forms like opocofor opdco are explained by assimilation. I fear I may have offended manyscholars in giving the present stems of Xvw^Xeyco, Xelirw, &c. as Xf-, X67-, XetTr-, &c., and not as \vo(^e)-, \e<yo(^e)-^ XeLiroQe)-^ &c. I have been careful to state in several places (see foot-notes, pp. 82 and 144) that the latter is the betterapproved and more correct form of expression; but I havenotventured to make the first attempt at a popular statement of the A tense stems with thevariable vowel-attachment. slight reflection showed me that this must be made by a pro- 1 See also the Proceedingsof the AmericanPhilologicalAssociation for 1879. Vi PREFACE. fessional etymologist, whocansettle, at leastconsistently, the manydoubtful questionswhich still beset the subject of tense stems. I was finally decided by finding that G. Curtius himself had made no change in this respect in the latest edition (1878) of his Schulg-rammatik, and continued to call Xv-, Xey-, XetTr-, &c. present stems, evidently thinking the other forms too cumbrous for a school-book. I have had no hesitation in following his example. The sections on the Syntax of the Verb contain a con- densedstatementof theprincipleswhich I have explained at greater length in a larger work, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses ofthe Greek Verb^ to which I must refermore advanced students, and especially teachers, for a fuller exposition of this subject.^ I must still confess myself unable to give anygeneral definitions whichshall include all the uses of either the indicative, the subjunctive, or the optative, and yet be accurate enough to meet modem scientific demands. The truth must be recognized that these moods were not invented deliberately to express certain definite classes of ideas to the exclusion of all others, and then always held rigidly to these pre-deter- mined uses. On the contrary, their various uses grewup gradually, aslanguagewasdevelopedand found newideas toexpress. Boththe Greek and the Latin inherited most of their modal formsthrough a line of ancestors nowlost, 1 For a still fullerexplanation of the classification of conditional sen- tences here introduced, with the corresix>nding arrangement of relative clauses, I mustrefertoarticlesin the TransactionsoftheAmericfcnPhilo- logicalAssocicUionfor1873 and 1876, printed also intheJournal of Phi^ lology. Vol. v. No. 10, pp. 186-205, and Vol. viii. No. 15, pp. 18-38»

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