An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization PDF
Preview An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization
more information - www.cambridge.org/9781107030701 An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe WhydidsomecountriesandregionsofEuropereachhighlevelsofeconomic advancementinthenineteenthcentury,whileotherswereleftbehind?This newtransnationalsurveyofthecontinent’seconomicdevelopmenthighlights theroleofregionaldifferencesinshapingeachcountry’seconomicpathand outcome. Presenting a clear and cogent explanation of the historical causes of advancement and backwardness, Ivan Berend integrates social, political, institutional, and cultural factors as well as engaging in debates about the relativerolesofknowledge,thestate,andinstitutions.Featuringboxedessays onkeypersonalitiesincludingAdamSmith,FriedrichList,GustaveEiffel,and theKruppfamily,aswellasbriefhistoriesofinnovationssuchasthesteam engine, vaccinations, and the cooperative system, the book helps to explain thetheoriesandmacroeconomictrendsthatdominatedthecenturyandtheir impactonthesubsequentdevelopmentoftheEuropeaneconomyrightupto thepresentday. ivan t. berendisDistinguishedProfessorintheDepartmentofHistoryat the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His publications include An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization (Cambridge, 2006) and Europe since 1980 (Cambridge,2010). An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe Diversity and Industrialization ivan t. berend cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107689992 (cid:2)C IvanT.Berend2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Berend,T.Iva´n(TiborIva´n),1930– Aneconomichistoryofnineteenth-centuryEurope:diversityandindustrialization/ Iva´nT.Berend. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-03070-1 1.Europe–Economicconditions–Regionaldisparities. I.Title. HC240.B3947 2012 330.94(cid:3)028–dc23 2012015392 ISBN978-1-107-03070-1Hardback ISBN978-1-107-68999-2Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Idedicatethisworktothepostwargenerationsofeconomichistorians withwhomIhavehadintellectualcontact,beenacquainted,andwhom Ihavebefriended,and,mostofall,fromwhomIhavelearned immenselythroughoutmycareer: Gyo¨rgyRa´nki,lifelongfriendandco-author DerekAldcroft,PaulBairoch,TheoBarker,LubenBerov,Knut Borchardt,JeanBouvier,V.I.Bovikin,FernandBraudel,Rondo Cameron,AlfredChandler,CarloCipolla,NicholasCrafts,Franc¸ois Crouzet,BarryEichengreen,MichaelFlinn,AlexanderGerschenkron, MaxHartwell,RitaHjerppe,EricHobsbawm,MichaelKaser,Arnosˇt Klima,Ju¨rgenKocka,ZbigniewLandau,DavidLandes,Angus Maddison,PeterMathias,HerbertMatis,AlanMilward,JoelMokyr, GiorgioMori,DouglasNorth,PatrickO’Brien,ZsigmondPa´lPach, MichaelPalairet,SidneyPollard,MichaelPostan,BarrySupple,Alice Teichova,JerziTomaszewski,GianniToniolo,GabrielTortella,Clive Trebilcock,JandeVries,HermanVanderWee,AnthonyWrigley,and VeraZamani. Contents Listofboxes pagex Listoffigures xi Listofmaps xiii Listoftables xiv Preface xvii Introduction 1 Contentandcomparativemethod:pan-European interconnections,majorregionaldifferences 2 InterrelatedEurope:fourdistinctivepathstowardsmodern economictransformation 6 Debatesanddifferences 9 Thetime-span 14 Whatkindofeconomichistory? 15 Part I Gradual revolution 1 FrommerchanttoindustrialcapitalisminNorthwesternEurope 25 Theglobalenvironment:Europe,theIslamicworld,andChina 25 Northwesternmerchantcapitalismandcolonialism 27 Newscienceandvalues 44 Demography,agriculture,andindustry 54 TheIndustrialRevolution 63 Conclusion 77 Part II Successful industrial transformation of the West 2 Knowledgeandtheentrepreneurialstate 89 ThespreadofthenewZeitgeist 89 vii (cid:2) viii contents Scienceintoeducation 102 Theentrepreneurialstate,promoteroftradeandindustry 105 3 Agriculture,transportation,andcommunication 119 Theagriculturalrevolution 119 Theroleofagricultureinmoderneconomictransformation 128 Transportation:canalsandroads 130 Railroads 136 Communicationandpostalservice 143 4 Theorganizationofbusinessandfinance 152 Threeconsecutivebankingrevolutions 152 Theinsuranceindustry 163 Businessorganization,joint-stockcompanies,andthestock exchange 163 5 Threeversionsofsuccessfulindustrialization 181 Long-survivingproto-industry 181 FullyindustrializedBritain 188 Britishdeclineafter1870? 190 InthefootstepsofBritain 196 Specializedagriculturecombinedwithfoodprocessing 207 ThesecondIndustrialRevolution 214 6 Themiracleofknowledgeandthestate:Scandinavia 239 Theeconomicsituationintheperiphery:Scandinaviauntil1870 239 Modernsocietywithoutadevelopedeconomy 240 Rapidmodernizationandindustrialization 244 7 Demographicrevolution,transformationoflife,andstandard ofliving 260 Demographicrevolution 260 Thecausesofthepopulationexplosion 264 Changingfamilyfunctionsandfemalelabor 269 Urbanization 271 Thestandardoflivingandthedietrevolution 272 8 TheEuropeanizationofEurope 284 ColonialWesternEuropeintheglobalizingworld 284 TheEuropeanideaandnationalintegration 288 Institutionalizedeconomicintegrationandtrade 294 TheWestasasourceoffinance:capitalflowintoEurope 303 DidaEuropeanbusinesscycleexist? 305 (cid:2) contents ix Part III The peripheries: semi-success or failure of modern transformation 9 The“sleeping”peripheries,traditionalinstitutions,andvalues 317 Timestandsstill 317 Thedemonstrationeffect:theWestasmodel 332 Populationexplosionandemigration 340 10 TheWesternsparksthatignitemodernization 354 Capitalinflowtotheperipheries 354 Theriseofstrong,modernbankingsystems 361 Buildingthemoderntransportationsystems 364 Roadandwatertransportation 364 Backwardcountrieswithdevelopedrailroads 366 11 Advantagefromdependence:CentralEurope,theBalticarea, Finland,andIreland 377 Imperialmarketsandagriculturalmodernization 378 Thebeginningofindustrialization 387 12 Profitingfromforeigninterests:theMediterraneanandRussia 401 Foreigninterestandagriculture 403 GrowthofthetraditionalgraineconomyinRussia 408 Theimpactofthegraincrisisfromthe1870s 417 Advancedindustrialpocketsandpredominantproto-industry 418 13 ThepredatorLeviathaninpeasantsocieties:theBalkansand theborderlandsofAustria-Hungary 438 Pre-modernagriculture–returntoagraineconomy 438 Lackofindustrialization 448 Corruptionandreluctantforeigninvestors 455 14 Epilogue:economicdisparityandalternativepostwar economicregimes 462 References 469 Index 512
The list of books you might like
