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An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography PDF

533 Pages·2010·42.289 MB·English
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e l b a c i l p p a r o . S . U r e d n u d e t t i m r e p s e s u r i a f t p e c x e , r e h s i l b u p e h t m o r f n o i s s i m r e p t u o h t i w m r o f y n a n i d e c u d o r p e r e b t o n y a M . d e v r e s e r s t h g i r l l A . s s e r P h t i e K c a M . 0 1 © 20law. tt hh gg ii rr yy pp oo Cc EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 2 e l b3 a c li4 p ap5 r o6 . .S7 U r 8 e d n9 u ed10 t it11 m r e12 p es13 s u14 Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 182–183 r i a15 f pt16 AN ATLAS OF NEONATAL BRAIN e xc17 SONOGRAPHY e ,18 r e sh19 2nd Edition i bl20 u p 21 e h t22 m ro23 f n24 o i s25 s i rm26 e p27 t u o28 h t wi29 rm30 o f 31 y n a32 n i33 d e c34 u d ro35 p re36 e b37 t no38 ay39 M .40 d e rv41 e es42 r s43 t h ig44 r l 45 l A 46 . s es47 r P48 h t i49 e K 50 c a M51 . 0 152 © 205law.3 t5t4 hh gg ri5ri5 yy pp oo Cc EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 2 e l b 3 a c li 4 p ap 5 r o 6 . .S 7 U r 8 e d n 9 u ed 10 t it 11 m r e 12 p es 13 s u 14 r i a 15 f pt 16 e xc 17 e , 18 r e sh 19 i bl 20 u p 21 e h t 22 m ro 23 f n 24 o i s 25 s i rm 26 e p 27 t u o 28 h t wi 29 rm 30 o f 31 y n a 32 n i 33 d e c 34 u d ro 35 p re 36 e b 37 t no 38 ay 39 M . 40 d e rv 41 e es 42 r s 43 t h ig 44 r l 45 l A 46 . s es 47 r P 48 h t i 49 e K 50 c a M 51 . 0 1 52 © 20law. 53 tt 54 hh gg riri 55 yy pp oo Cc EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 182–183 2 e l b3 a c li4 p ap5 r o6 . .S7 U r 8 e d n9 u ed10 t it11 m r e12 An Atlas of Neonatal p es13 s u14 r i a15 f pt16 Brain Sonography e xc17 e ,18 r e sh19 i bl20 u p 21 e h t22 rom23 2nd Edition f n24 o i s25 s i rm26 e p27 t u o28 h t wi29 rm30 o f 31 y n a32 PAUL GOVAERT n i33 d Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands e c34 u d ro35 rep36 and e b37 t no38 LINDA S. DE VRIES ay39 Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands M .40 d e rv41 e es42 r s43 t h ig44 r l 45 l A 46 . s es47 r P48 h t i49 e K 50 c a M51 . 0 152 © 205 law.3 2M0a1c0 Keith Press t5t4 hh gg ri5ri5 Distributed byWiley-Blackwell yy pp oo Cc EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 2 e l b 3 a c li 4 p ap 5 r o 6 . .S 7 U r 8 e d n 9 u ed 10 t it 11 m r e 12 p es 13 s u 14 r i a 15 f pt 16 e xc 17 e , 18 r e sh 19 i bl 20 u p 21 e h t 22 m ro 23 f n 24 o i s 25 s i rm 26 e p 27 t u o 28 h t wi 29 rm 30 o f y ©2010 Mac Keith Press 31 n a 6Market Road, London N7 9PW, UK 32 n i 33 d ce Editor: Hilary M. Hart 34 u rod Managing Director: Caroline Black 35 rep Project Manager: Sarah Pearsall 36 e Production Manager: Udoka Ohuonu b 37 t Typesetting and layout: Karl Hunt no 38 Indexer: Jill Halliday ay 39 M . 40 d The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent e rv those of the publisher 41 e es 42 r s All rights reserved. Nopartof this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, 43 t h ig or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or 44 r l otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher 45 l A 46 . ess First published in this edition 2010 47 r P 48 th British LibraryCataloguing-in-Publication data i 49 Ke Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 50 c a . M ISBN: 978-1-898683-56-8 51 0 1 52 © 20law. Typeset by Keystroke, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton 53 htht Printed by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall, UK 54 gg riri Mac Keith Press is supported by Scope 55 yy pp oo Cc EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 CONTENTS 2 e l b3 a c li4 p ap5 r o6 . .S7 U r 8 e d n9 u ed10 t it11 m r e12 p es13 s u14 AUTHORS’APPOINTMENTS r i a15 f PREFACE pt16 e xc17 e ,18 PART I NORMAL ANATOMY 1 r e ish19 1. SULCI AND GYRI 3 bl20 u p21 2. LATERAL VENTRICLES 8 e h t22 m 3. THIRD VENTRICLE 12 ro23 f n 24 4. CHOROID PLEXUS 14 o i s25 is 5. LOBAR PARENCHYMA 16 rm26 e p27 6. MIDLINE STRUCTURES 22 t u o28 h t 7. CISTERNS 25 wi29 rm30 8. BASAL GANGLIA AND THALAMUS 27 o f 31 y n 9. BRAINSTEM 29 a32 n i33 10. CEREBELLUM 32 d e c34 u d GENERAL REFERENCES ON NORMAL ANATOMY 35 ro35 p re36 e b37 PART II CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 37 t no38 ay 39 11. DISORDERS OF NEURULATION – NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS 39 M d.40 12. CEPHALOCELE 43 e rv41 ese42 13. HYDROCEPHALUS 46 r ts43 14. INTRACRANIAL FLUID COLLECTIONS 50 h ig44 l r45 15. UNILATERAL HYDROCEPHALUS 53 l A . 46 16. EXTERNAL HYDROCEPHALUS 57 s es47 Pr48 17. DISORDERS OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM 60 h t ei49 18. AGENESIS AND MALFORMATION OF THE SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM 71 K 50 c Ma51 19. HAMARTOMA AND ACCESSORY BRAIN 76 . 0 © 20155law.23 20. CEREBRAL HEMIATROPHY 77 21. MICROCEPHALY 79 t5t4 hh gg ri5ri5 yy pp oo Cc v EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 22. SCHIZENCEPHALY 83 1 2 le 23. DISORDERS OF NEUROBLAST MIGRATION 86 b 3 a c li 24. MEDIAN PROSENCEPHALIC DYSGENESIS – HOLOPROSENCEPHALY 99 4 p ap 5 r 25. POSTERIOR FOSSA ANOMALIES 103 o 6 . .S 26. VASCULAR ANOMALIES 117 7 U r 8 e d n 9 u PART III ANTENATAL BRAIN DAMAGE 131 ed 10 t it 27. ANTENATAL INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE 133 11 m r e 12 p 28. ANTENATAL GLOBAL FOREBRAIN ISCHAEMIA 139 es 13 s u 29. GERMINOLYSIS 143 14 r i a 15 f 30. HYDRANENCEPHALY 148 pt 16 e xc 31. PORENCEPHALY 151 17 e , 18 r e 32. MULTICYSTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 155 sh 19 i bl 33. CHOROID PLEXUS PSEUDOCYST 158 20 u p 21 e h 34. MOEBIUS SEQUENCE 160 t 22 m ro 35. TWIN (MULTIPLET)-ASSOCIATED ANTEPARTUM BRAIN DAMAGE 163 23 f n 24 o i 36. STRIATAL VASCULOPATHY 165 s 25 s i rm 26 e t p PART IV FETOPATHY 171 27 u o 28 h wit 37. FETOPATHY (CONGENITAL NON-BACTERIAL BRAIN INFECTION) 173 29 rm 30 o f 31 y PARTV HAEMORRHAGE 197 n a 32 in 38. GMH/IVH: HAEMORRHAGE INTO PRETERM GERMINAL MATRIX AND VENTRICLE 199 33 d e uc 39. POSTHAEMORRHAGIC VENTRICULAR DILATATION 225 34 d ro 35 rep 40. EPIDURAL HAEMATOMA 230 36 e b 41. SUBDURAL HAEMATOMA 232 37 t no 38 ay 42. LOBAR CEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE 239 39 M d. 43. CEREBELLAR HAEMORRHAGE 245 40 e rv 41 e es 44. HAEMORRHAGE INTO THE THALAMUS,BASAL GANGLIA AND VENTRICLE 42 r s (DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS) 250 43 t h ig 45. TERM INTRAVENTRICULAR HAEMORRHAGE (IVH) 257 44 r l 45 l A 46. SUBARACHNOID HAEMATOMA AND NON-ACCIDENTAL INJURY 259 46 . s es 47 r h P PART VI ASPHYXIA 263 48 t i 49 e K 47. ASPHYXIA 265 50 c a M 51 . 0 1 52 © 20law. PARTVII ISCHAEMIC STROKE 293 53 t t 48. ARTERIAL ISCHAEMIC STROKE 295 54 hh gg riri 55 yy pp oo Cc vi EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 49. MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE 306 2 le 50. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY STROKE 313 b3 a c li4 51. ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE 315 p ap5 r 52. POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE 318 o6 . .S7 53. WATERSHED INJURY 321 U r 8 de 54. ANTERIOR CHOROIDAL ARTERY STROKE 323 n9 u ed10 55. PERFORATOR STROKE 325 t it11 rm 56. FOCAL INFARCTION OF BRAINSTEM,CEREBELLUM AND SPINAL CORD 333 e12 p es13 57. SINUS THROMBOSIS 336 s u14 r i a15 f PART VIII PRETERM WHITE MATTER INJURY 343 pt16 e xc17 58. PRETERM WHITE MATTER INJURY 345 e ,18 r e sh19 bli20 PART IX MISCELLANEOUS 367 u p e 21 59. KERNICTERUS 369 h t22 rom23 60. HYPOGLYCAEMIA 372 f on24 61. INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM 375 i s25 s rmi26 62. HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY 382 e t p27 63. BACTERIAL MENINGITIS,VENTRICULITIS 384 u o28 h wit29 64. AIR EMBOLISM 391 orm30 65. CRANIOCEREBRAL EROSION 392 f 31 y an32 66. BRAIN PERFORATION 393 n d i33 67. NEUROECTODERMAL DISORDERS 394 e c34 u rod35 68. LEUKODYSTROPHY 402 p re36 69. NEONATAL BRAIN TUMOUR 405 e b37 t no38 ay 39 INDEX 408 M .40 d e rv41 e es42 r s43 t h ig44 r l 45 l A 46 . s es47 r P48 h t i49 e K 50 c a M51 . 0 152 © 205law.3 t5t4 hh gg ri5ri5 yy pp oo Cc vii EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 AUTHORS’ APPOINTMENTS 1 2 e l b 3 a c li 4 p ap 5 r o 6 . .S 7 U r 8 e d n 9 u ed 10 t it 11 m r e 12 p es 13 s u Paul Govaert Linda S. de Vries 14 r i a Department of Neonatology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Professor in Neonatal Neurology, Department of Neonatology, 15 f pt Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre, 16 e xc Utrecht, The Netherlands 17 e , 18 r e sh 19 i bl 20 u p 21 e h t 22 m ro 23 f n 24 o i s 25 s i rm 26 e p 27 t u o 28 h t wi 29 rm 30 o f 31 y n a 32 n i 33 d e c 34 u d ro 35 p re 36 e b 37 t no 38 ay 39 M . 40 d e rv 41 e es 42 r s 43 t h ig 44 r l 45 l A 46 . s es 47 r P 48 h t i 49 e K 50 c a M 51 . 0 1 52 © 20law. 53 tt 54 hh gg riri 55 yy pp oo Cc viii EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623 1 PREFACE 2 e l b3 a c li4 p ap5 r o6 . .S7 U r 8 e d n9 u ed10 t it11 m r e12 p es13 s u14 We are very pleased to present the second edition of An Atlas of sound with great care, when using additional acoustic windows, r i a15 Neonatal Brain Sonography. In the years since 1997 when we such as the posterior fontanelle and mastoid windowand, not f pt16 published the first edition, ultrasound equipment has improved least, how much information can be obtained by performing e xc17 further, allowing many really excellent images of the brain to be ultrasound in the preterm infant sequentially over a longer period e ,18 obtained at the bedside with remarkably little disturbance to the of time. Developments in the digital world have made the storage r e sh19 baby. This has enabled us to replace many of the images in the and transfer of images much easier. i bl20 first edition with better quality images in this second edition. The chapter on Doppler ultrasound has been removed from u p 21 As with the first edition, this Atlas is mainly written for this edition because this topic is covered in detail elsewhere e h t22 practising neonatologists and paediatric radiologists. The focus (Couture and Veyrac 2001). m ro23 again lies on causes and neuropathological findings underlying Weare very grateful to several friends who contributed their f n 24 the changes seen with neuroimaging. We have also included less knowledge and time to create this Atlas. First of all we thank o i s25 common conditions that can be recognized with cranial ultra- Maarten Lequin in Rotterdam and Floris Groenendaal and s i rm26 sound. The drawings illustrating our insights have been changed Manon Benders in Utrecht who were involved in performing e p27 to be more uniform. many of the MRIs. We also thank several colleagues in other t u o28 Along side the improvement in ultrasound imaging, par- European neonatal units, who shared their patient histories; this h t wi29 ticularly during this last decade, magnetic resonance imaging made the Atlasmore complete, and they are acknowledged in rm30 (MRI) is increasingly being used. We therefore decided that the their figure legends. o f 31 Atlaswould benefit from adding MRI correlates for some of our Much of this workcould not havebeen carried out without y n a32 ultrasound examples, to show how complimentary these two the support of the nurses and junior doctors who helped us n i33 techniques can be and to illustrate when MRI provides additional perform the ultrasound examinations and all the technicians in d e c34 information. We feel that by adding these MRI correlates we are the MRI units in both centres who were always willing to find u d ro35 giving a moreaccurate reflection of the current state of neonatal a slot in their busy schedule to get an MRI done as soon as p re36 brain imaging, and it allows us to put forward our view of when possible. Our special thanks go to Niels Blanken in Utrecht. We e b37 each technique is most helpful and when it should be used. express our thanks to the many parents who were patient and t no38 Although ultrasound is excellent for imaging the moreovert willing to let us scan their babies. ay39 lesions in the preterm brain, we see these lesions less often now Finally, we hope that many future babies will benefit from M .40 and attention is focusing more on the subtle white matter, this Atlasand that the reader will find it a practical reference, a d e rv41 cortical, and central grey matter abnormalities that are not so good learning experience, and enjoy it as much as we did when e es42 well detected sonographically. Here, especially, MRI plays a role putting it together. r s43 both in detecting such abnormalities and allowing them to be t h ig44 quantified using different forms of diffusion weighted and Paul Govaert r l 45 volumetric MR imaging. MRI has also allowed a much better Linda S de Vries l A 46 understanding of the range of abnormality seen in term infants . s es47 with neonatal encephalopathy, often associated with neonatal r P48 seizures and malformations of the central nervous system. h eit49 While MRI is often superior to cranial ultrasound, we have Couture A, Veyrac C (2001) Transfontanellar Doppler Imaging in K c 50 tried to showhowmuch can be seen when using cranial ultra- Neonates. Berlin: Springer. a M51 . 0 152 © 205law.3 t5t4 hh gg ri5ri5 yy pp oo Cc ix EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection Trial - printed on 4/20/2020 6:47 AM via UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE AN: 511504 ; Govaert, Paul, De Vries, L. S..; An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography Account: s3116623

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