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An Assessment of the Benefits to Scotland of Aquaculture PDF

165 Pages·2014·5.04 MB·English
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An Assessment of the Benefits to Scotland of Aquaculture 1 Alexander, K, A. Gatward, I. Parker, A. Drafted by Black, K. Boardman, A. Potts, T. Thomson, E. Approved by Murdoch Gatward (IEL) Kenny Black (SRSL) Signature ………………………………… ………………………………… 2 Glossary BTA British Trout Association CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DEFRA Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs EBM Ecosystem Based Management FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FCR Food Conversion Ratio FSA Food Standards Agency FTE Full Time Employee GHG Green House Gas GVA Gross Value Added HIE Highlands and Islands Enterprise HUFA Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids IEL Imani Enterprise Ltd IMTA Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee LCA Life Cycle Assessment MPS Marine Policy Statement MPA Marine Protected Area MSP Marine Spatial Planning MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive MSA Market Systems Approach MGSA Ministerial Group for Sustainable Aquaculture MSC Most Significant Change NAFC NAFC Marine Centre (Shetland) NMP National Marine Plan SRSL SAMS Research Services Ltd SARF Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum SAMS Scottish Association for Marine Science SNH Scottish Natural Heritage SSC Scottish Salmon Company SSPO Scottish Salmon Producers’ Organisation SSF Scottish Sea Farms SSMG Scottish Shellfish Marketing Group SSMEI Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative SLA Sustainable Livelihoods Approach CEFAS The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science UHI University of the Highlands and Islands VCA Value Chain Analysis WFD Water Framework Directive 3 Acknowledgements Imani and SRSL would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who have contributed to this report. The input from stakeholders throughout the aquaculture industry and across Scotland has been fantastic through the extensive consultation process and we are very grateful to all those who have kindly given their time as well as information for use in this study. It is impossible to thank all those involved, particularly the members of the public who were consulted during surveys, however we want to note our thanks here to those who have the opportunity to read the resulting outputs. Our apologies to those we were not able to meet as part of the research process. Many thanks to Marine Scotland and Highlands and Islands Enterprise for commissioning this piece of work and for their interest in assessing how this industry is benefitting the people of Scotland, both now and into the future. 4 Contents 1. Research Summary ................................................................................................................ 8 1.1. Introduction and Methodology............................................................................................... 8 1.2. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1. Towards 2020: Potential Gains ....................................................................................... 9 1.3. Chapter Synopses .................................................................................................................. 11 1.3.1. Section 5: Economic Analysis ........................................................................................ 11 1.3.2. Section 6: Environment & Carbon Footprint ................................................................ 11 1.3.3. Section 7: Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment (SLA) ................................................... 11 1.3.4. Section 8: Economic Geography ................................................................................... 12 1.3.5. Section 9: Sub-Regional Case Studies ........................................................................... 12 1.3.6. Section 10: Industry Value Chain .................................................................................. 12 1.3.7. Section 11: Comparative Industries .............................................................................. 12 1.3.8. Section 12: Discussion – Prospects for Growth ............................................................ 13 1.3.9. Section 13: Key Findings................................................................................................ 13 1.3.10. Section 14: Policy Implications ...................................................................................... 14 1.4. Summary Value Matrix ......................................................................................................... 15 2. Literature Review: State of the Aquaculture Industry ........................................................... 17 2.1. Production ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.2. Markets and Potential Expansion ......................................................................................... 18 2.3. Indirect Benefits .................................................................................................................... 19 2.4. Aquaculture in the Community ............................................................................................. 20 2.5. International Competitiveness .............................................................................................. 21 2.6. Employment .......................................................................................................................... 22 2.7. Public Perception .................................................................................................................. 23 2.8. SWOT Analysis: Aquaculture Industry .................................................................................. 24 3. Existing Policy ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Current Scottish Aquaculture Policy ..................................................................................... 25 3.2. The Existing Legislative Framework ...................................................................................... 26 3.3. Wider Policy Affecting Scottish Aquaculture ........................................................................ 27 3.3.1. Marine Planning in Scotland ......................................................................................... 27 3.3.2. Scottish Nature Conservation MPAs ............................................................................. 31 4. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 33 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 33 4.2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.3. From Value Chain to Sustainability ....................................................................................... 35 4.4. Sustainable Livelihoods Approach ........................................................................................ 36 5. Economic Analysis ............................................................................................................... 38 5.1. Scottish Industrial Context .................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Scottish Government Economic Objectives .......................................................................... 40 5.3. Stimulating the Economy through Productivity Growth ...................................................... 40 5.4. Direct and Indirect Economic Impact .................................................................................... 42 5.4.1. Company Revenues and Tax Contribution .................................................................... 44 5.4.2. Case Study: Aquaculture in the Shetland Economy ...................................................... 45 5 5.4.3. Induced Multipliers for Shetland .................................................................................. 47 5.5. Intellectual Capital ................................................................................................................ 48 6. Environment and Carbon Footprint ...................................................................................... 50 6.1. Carbon Footprint ................................................................................................................... 51 6.2. Product Efficiency ................................................................................................................. 51 6.3. Consumers and the Environment ......................................................................................... 52 6.3.1. Consumer Attitudes to Feed Sustainability .................................................................. 52 6.3.2. Environment and Zoning ............................................................................................... 53 7. Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment (SLA) ............................................................................ 55 7.1. Survey Results and Demographics ........................................................................................ 55 7.2. SLA Findings .......................................................................................................................... 57 7.2.1. Quantitative Analysis .................................................................................................... 57 7.2.2. Qualitative Analysis ....................................................................................................... 59 7.2.3. Human Capital ............................................................................................................... 61 7.2.4. Financial Capital ............................................................................................................ 64 7.2.5. Social Capital ................................................................................................................. 68 7.2.6. Physical Capital ............................................................................................................. 71 7.2.7. Environmental Capital ................................................................................................... 74 7.3. Most Significant Change ....................................................................................................... 77 8. Economic Geography ........................................................................................................... 80 8.1. Highlands and Islands Region ............................................................................................... 81 8.2. Aquaculture Contribution to Rural Service Provision ........................................................... 82 8.3. Central Belt (and North East) Impact .................................................................................... 84 8.4. Shetland: Typifying Aquaculture Impacts for Scotland’s Growth ......................................... 85 8.5. Industry Concentration & Ownership ................................................................................... 86 8.5.1. Ownership of Scottish Salmon Production ................................................................... 88 8.5.2. Small Scale Salmon Producers ...................................................................................... 89 8.5.3. Mussel Industry Structure ............................................................................................. 89 8.6. Value Matrix .......................................................................................................................... 90 9. Sub-regional Case Studies .................................................................................................... 95 9.1. Skye ....................................................................................................................................... 95 9.2. Western Isles ......................................................................................................................... 97 9.3. Shetland ................................................................................................................................ 99 9.4. Argyll ................................................................................................................................... 101 10. Industry Value Chains ........................................................................................................ 103 10.1. Finfish .................................................................................................................................. 104 10.1.1. Salmon ........................................................................................................................ 104 10.1.2. Other Finfish ................................................................................................................ 113 10.2. Shellfish ............................................................................................................................... 115 10.2.1. Mussels ....................................................................................................................... 116 10.2.2. Other Shellfish ............................................................................................................. 120 10.3. Integrated and Niche Supply Chains ................................................................................... 121 10.3.1. Integrated Supply Chains ............................................................................................ 121 10.3.2. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) ............................................................ 121 10.3.3. Seaweed ...................................................................................................................... 122 6 11. Comparative Industries ..................................................................................................... 123 10.1 Energy Resources ................................................................................................................ 123 10.1.1 Renewables ................................................................................................................. 123 10.1.2 Oil and Gas .................................................................................................................. 125 10.2 Tourism ............................................................................................................................... 125 10.3 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 127 10.4 Forestry ............................................................................................................................... 128 10.5 Recreational Fisheries ......................................................................................................... 128 10.6 Capture Fisheries ................................................................................................................ 130 10.7 Norwegian Aquaculture ...................................................................................................... 131 12. Discussion - Prospects for Future Growth ........................................................................... 134 12.1. Barriers to Growth .............................................................................................................. 134 12.2. Potential Areas for Development ....................................................................................... 135 12.3. Global Production ............................................................................................................... 137 12.4. Usefulness of Growth Targets ............................................................................................. 138 12.4.1. Finfish .......................................................................................................................... 141 12.4.2. Shellfish ....................................................................................................................... 141 13. Key Findings ...................................................................................................................... 143 13.1. Summary ............................................................................................................................. 143 13.2. The Benefits ........................................................................................................................ 143 13.3. Importance of Key Findings ................................................................................................ 144 14. Policy Implications ............................................................................................................ 147 14.1. Local (Council) Level ............................................................................................................ 147 14.2. National Level ..................................................................................................................... 148 14.3. EU Level ............................................................................................................................... 150 15. Annex ............................................................................................................................... 153 15.1. Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................... 153 15.2. Interview Topic Guide ......................................................................................................... 154 15.3. Publicity Materials Used ..................................................................................................... 156 16. References ........................................................................................................................ 157 7 1. RESEARCH SUMMARY 1.1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY Scottish aquaculture production is a pillar of rural industry in Scotland, and provides considerable benefit for fragile economic areas. Further, through its supply chain providing demand for feed, research, engineering, and downstream logistics and processing opportunities, it provides employment and revenue for a diverse range of sectors throughout Scotland. This assessment, commissioned by Marine Scotland and Highlands and Islands Enterprise between July-December 2013, describes these benefits through the industry’s economic contribution including social, environmental, human, financial and physical capital. Analysis was split into four work packages: a macro-level industry assessment; a Market Systems Approach analysing the whole market; a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach using a combination of interviews and questionnaires to investigate sustainability and benefits to communities; and a Value Matrix to summarise all available benefits provided by the aquaculture industry. 1.2. RESULTS Results based on 2012 outputs suggest that:  The aquaculture industry: o From direct production alone, contributes turnover for Scotland of at least £550m, with a GVA (primarily the added value of salaries and profit) of £165.8m, and over 2,800 jobs: though its wealth generation goes far beyond this value. o Across the Scottish supply chain stemming from Scottish aquaculture sites, it generates over 4,800 jobs in total, £800m in revenue and £270m of added value across all suppliers, farm production, processing and into retail. o Generates for the UK economy at least £1bn in turnover across the UK, including Grimsby processing and national retailing. o Taking into account the catalytic effect of that added income across the economy, it is estimated to contribute as much as £1.4bn turnover and 8,000 jobs to Scotland, and £1.8bn turnover and 8,800 jobs to the whole UK.  Economic geography is a key concept which frames the impact of aquaculture in Scotland; although aquaculture provides sustainable employment and income generation in remote areas that may otherwise lack alternative economic options, it also has a substantial impact on jobs in other parts of Scotland such as the Central Belt and this ‘other half’ remains largely unrecognised.  In terms of the benefits of aquaculture to Scottish communities, human capital in terms of participation in employment, as well as the skills and experience which provide ‘employment security’ was found to be most important, with financial benefit in terms of income to local ancillary businesses (particularly transport and tourism) the second most important. Negative opinions were generally low and most often related to environmental impact.  Stakeholders and the public largely believed that growth of the aquaculture sector would be beneficial to Scotland as long as that growth was an organic process. Should the industry achieve the 2020 targets (set out in the Scottish Marine Plan consultation) to increase marine finfish production sustainably to 210,000 tonnes and shellfish to 13,000 tonnes, the 8 industry and supply chain could directly be worth over £1.1 billion with a GVA of £345m, and provide 7,000 jobs for Scotland. 1.2.1. TOWARDS 2020: POTENTIAL GAINS Should Scotland achieve its aspirations in growth towards 2020, the economic value based on current projections would be as follows: MARINE FINFISH SHELLFISH 2012i 2012 Production 164,380 Production 6,525 Turnover (production Turnover (production £550m £8.7m only) only) Employment (production Employment (production 1,118 358 only) only) Turnover across Scottish Turnover across Scottish supply chain including supply chain including Over £800m £20m processing and other processing and other suppliers suppliers Employment across Over 4,000 Employment across Over 500 Scottish supply chain employees Scottish supply chain employees GVA across Scottish GVA across Scottish £265m Over £5m supply chain supply chain 2020 PROJECTION 2020 PROJECTION Production Target 210,000 Production Target 13,000 Turnover (production Turnover (production £771m £17.3m only) only) Employment (production Employment (production 1,447 713 only) only) Turnover across Scottish Turnover across Scottish supply chain including supply chain including Est. £1.1bn £40m processing and other processing and other suppliers suppliers Employment across Over 7,000 Employment across ~1,000 Scottish supply chain employees Scottish supply chain employees GVA across Scottish GVA across Scottish £345m £10-15m supply chain supply chain Full Benefit by 2020 of Scottish Aquaculture including growth stimulated in the wider economy (estimated): To Scotland: est. £2bn, over 10,000 jobs (full and part time) To UK: est. 2.5bn, over 11,000 jobs (full and part time) i Finfish production tonnage and production-only employment includes (in addition to salmon) rainbow trout produced in the marine environment (2,076t) plus small volumes of halibut and sea trout. 9

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Dec 19, 2013 An Assessment of the Benefits to Scotland of Aquaculture CEFAS The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science. UHI.
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