an archer from the palace of nestor

35 Pages·2011·4.88 MB·English

AN ARCHER FROM THE
hesperia yy (2008)
Pages3 63-397 PALACE OF NESTOR
A New Wall-Painting
Fragment in the Chora
Museum
Dedicatedt oM abel L.
Lang
ABSTRACT
The authorsin terprettw oj oiningp ieceso fa brightlcyo loredw allp ainting
founda tt heP alaceo fN estori n 1939.T he fragmenrte, movedf romt hew alls
oft hep alacep riort o itsf inadl estructionr,e presentpsa rto fa n archerp,r ob-
ablyf emaleA. lternativree constructionarse offeredA. rtisticm ethodsa nd
constituenotfst hep lasteran dp ainta res tudiedb yX RD, PIXE-alphaa nalysis,
XRF, SEM-EDS, PY/GC-MS, and GC-MS. Egyptianb lue pigmentw as
extensiveleym ployedE.g gw asu seda s a binderf ort hep igmentisn a tempera,
ratherth ana frescot,e chniqueT. he identificatioonfi ndividualizepda inting
stylesm aym akei t possiblet o assigng roupso fw all paintingtso particular
artistos rw orkshops.
Restudyo f them anyp ublisheda nd unpublishedw all-paintinfgr agments
fromt he Palace of Nestori n Pylost hata re storedi n the Chora Museum
began in 2000.1B y 2002 it was possiblet o make a fulla ssessmento f the
corpusa nd to defined irectionfs orf uturew ork.I n the courseo f earlier
examinationasn d the systematiacr rangemenotf wall paintingsi n new
storagec abinets,a n unpublishedp iece of speciali ntereswt as discovered.
1. A reexaminatioonft hec orpuso f Muhlyf, ormedri rectoorf t heA meri- describedh ereh asb eenp rovidedb yt he
wallp aintingfsr omt heP alaceo f can Schoolo fC lassicalS tudiesa t Institutfeo rA egeanP rehistortyh,e
Nestori s parto ft hep rogramof t he Athensa, nd to Maria Pilalif orf acilita- SempleF undo ft heD epartmenotf
Hora ApothekeR eorganizatioPnr oject tingo urw orki n everyw ayT. he con- Classicso ft heU niversitoyf C incinnati,
(HARP), a serieso fi nterrelaterde- stants upportth atw e haver eceived and,m ostr ecentltyh, eA mericanS chool
searchm issiontsh ath avet akenp lacea t fromX eniA rapoyiannfi,o rmedri rector ofC lassicalS tudiesw, hereB recoulaki
Pyloss incet hec ompletioonf t heP ylos oft heO lympiaE phoreiaa nd now was MalcolmH . WienerV isitingR e-
RegionaAl rchaeologicaPlr ojectin directoorf t heK alamataE phoreiaa, nd searchP rofesso(r2 005-2006).O ther
1996.T he projecta s a wholeh as been fromY ioryiaH atzi,c urrendti rectoorf publicationosf H ARP includeI saaki-
directebdy S haronR . Stockers ince theO lympiaE phoreiah, as beenc ritical dou et al. 2002 and Stockera nd Davis
1998.H aricliaB recoulakais sumed to thes uccesso ft hise nterprisWe. e 2004.
responsibiliftoyr t hes tudyo ft hew all also takep leasurein recognizintgh e Additionaclo lori mageso ft he
paintingisn 2000.T his paperr epre- helpw e haver eceivedea chy earf rom fragmenotf w allp aintingp resented
sentsa genuinelyco llaborativeef forotn EvangeliaM alapani,C uratoro fA ntiq- herea ref reelyav ailablef orv iewinga t
thep arto fi tsa uthorsb,u ti ndividual uitiesi n theK alamataE phoreiaa, nd http://dx.doi.Org/10.2972/hesp.77.3.394.
contributioanrse c reditedb elowa s theg uardso ft heC horaM useum. Captionsf ort heses upplementary
appropriatWe. e areg ratefutlo J ames Fundingin supporot ft her esearch imagesa rel istedb elowi n Appendix3 .
© The AmericanS chool of Classical Studiesa t Athens
364 HARICLIA BRECOULAKI ET AL.
This pieceo fp lasterp,a rto fw hatw e call theA rcherF ragmentl,a yo n shelf
14 III oft hef irsatp othek(est oreroomo)f t hem useuma nd had beend epos-
itedi n a cardboardb ox labeled" ANAKTOPON1 939."T he piece preserves
thed epictiono f a whiteh umana rm,c lothedi n partb y a garmentw itha
shortb lue sleeve( Fig. 1, below).T he subjects eemst o weara bracelet( or
braceletsa) nd holdsa n object,o nlyp artiallyp reservedt,h ata ppearst o be
a bow.T he styleo f the paintingi s similart o thato f miniaturef rescoes,
althoughi ts scale is somewhatl argerT. he representatioins particularly
detaileda nd refinedin itse xecution.
The purposeo ft hisp aperi s to presenta nd examinet heA rcherF rag-
menti n detail.T he iconographyof the wall paintings eems to us to be
of greati mportancien itso wn rightA. lengthyp ublicationa lso offerasn
opportunittyo showw hatc an be learneda boutt het echniquea nd styleo f
prehistoripca interst hrought he use of severals cientifimc ethodsa, s well
as arth istoricaal nalysisW. e beginw itha considerationof the excavated
contexto ft hef ragmenWt. e thend escribea nd illustratteh ep iecei tselfa nd
discussi tss ubjectm atterw ithr eferencteo parallelsi n prehistoriAc egean
art,p resentingse veralt entativer econstructionosf the scene portrayed.
Finallyw, e examinet he methodse mployedb y thep aintert,h e individual
characteristiocsf his or hert echniquea nd style,a nd, in two appendixes,
documentt he compositiono f thep igmentsa nd binders.
CONTEXT OF THE ARCHER FRAGMENT
In 1939, a firsts easono f excavationa t the Palace of Nestorw as directed
byK onstantinoKs ourouniotiasn d Carl Blegen.2B legen,a s juniorp artner
in the enterpriset,o ok responsibilitfyo ro verseeingt he fieldworkw, hile
WilliamM cDonald, thena youngs cholari n thep rocesso fc ompletingh is
doctoradl issertatioantJ ohnsH opkinsU niversitsyu,p ervisetdh ee xcavation
oft renchews ithint hep alace properE. videnceo ff rescoedd ecorationw as
foundi n manyp laces,a nd thel ocationso ff ragmentasr en otedi n McDon-
ald s notebook.3A lthoughi t was not describeda ccuratelyat the timeo f
excavationt,h eA rcherF ragmentis clearlyr eferretdo byM cDonald in a
summaryc omposeda t the end of the excavations eason.W ith regardt o
sectionA of trenchII I, he wrote:
Courseso fg ood roomw ithf inew alls.J uste ast of thisr oomw as
foundt heb estf ragmenotf plasterw ithb raceletedh and.O ther
fragmentosf paintedp lasterw eren umerousT. his mustb e dug
veryc arefullyS.o me wallsi n resto f trenchb ut nothingo fg reat
importancfe oundh ere.4
The contextin whicht hef ragmenwt as discoveredis thusi ndisputable.
2. Kourouniotaisn d Blegen1 939. sectionD ); p. 37 and plano n p. 53 Onlyt heb riefesrte ferencise made
This sectiono fo urp aperr epresents (trenchII , sectionA ); pp. 66, 69-70, to thesef indsin Kourouniotaisn d
thew orko fD avis,S tackera,n d Bre- 80, 120 (trenchII , sectionB and Blegen'sp reliminarryep ort(1 939,
coulaki. trenchV ); pp. 66, 121 (trenchV I, p. 561).
3. WAM 1939,p . 20 (trenchI, sectionA ); pp. 77, 79 (trenchV II). 4. WAM 1939,p . 119.
AN ARCHER FROM THE PALACE OF NESTOR 365
More detailsc an be gleanedf romM cDonald s dailya ccountso fe xca-
vationi n trenchII I, sectionA .5 He writest hat,a fterr emovinga "masso f
tumbleds tones"a t a deptho f 40 cm below the surfaceh, e found" a good
cornero f a roomw itha good deal of paintedp laster."H e furthenr oted
that" juste ast of its n.s. wall was discovereda largep iece of plasterw ith
humanf oot."I t is obvioust hath e had uncoveredt he northeascto rnero f
whatw as laterd efineda s room3 2 oft hep alace.T he "humanf oot,"w hich
he musth aves ubsequentluyn derstoodto be a "braceletehd and,"w as found
outsidet heo utera shlarw all of thep alace.6
Once we determinedth att heA rcherF ragmenth ad been foundo ut-
side room3 2, a searcha mongo therf ragmentdsi scoveredin thev icinity
eventuallyy ieldeda smallj oiningp ieces howingm oreo ft heh umanf igure
thath oldst heb ow and oft heb ow itselfT. his piecew as storedi n a drawer
thatc ontainedf indsf romr ooms2 5-28. Individualf ragmentws ere not
clearlyl abeled,b ut the drawerh ad been dividedi ntot hrees ectionsT. he
designation"r oom2 7" was faintlyle gibleo n a slip of paperi n the section
wheret he relevantp iece was found.M abel Langs publicationo f accom-
panyingf ragmentass being fromr oom 27 confirmtsh att hisc ontexti s
correct:
. . . manys mallb rightp iecesw hichc ould noth aveb een exposedt o
thef irea nd so werep erhapsi n wall-fillO. therv erys imilarp ieces
fromju st outsideR oom 27 s southweswt all and outsidet he north-
eastw all of thep alace haveb een added to theset o makeu p a very
fragmentarhyu ntings ceneo n blue ground.7
The pieces thatL ang describesb, oth publisheda nd unpublishedw, ere
storedt ogetherb yB legens team.
It is impossiblet o determinwe hichf ragmentws eref oundi nsidet he
rooma ndw hicho utside.S tylistiacn d iconographicaclo nsiderationasl low
us,h owevert,o draws omeg eneralc onclusionsa boutw hichp aintingws ere
attachedt o the walls of roomsi n the northeastar ea of the Main Build-
ing in the periodi mmediatelyp recedingi ts destructionIt. is clear that
the ArcherF ragmentb elongst o the groupo f paintingst hatL ang called
"brightp ieces,"a nd thati t had, like them,b een removedf romt hew alls
priort o thef inald estructioonf t hep alace.T hese fragmentasr eo fa "small
scale withd etailedp aintingo n a blue background.T"h ere is a significant
concentratioonf f ragmentosf t hisk indi n then ortheasste ctiono ft hes ite.
Piecest hata res tylisticalalyn d thematicallsyim ilart o theA rcherF ragment
includet hosei n theg roupo fa ssociatedf ragmenttsh atL ang presumedt o
come fromt he huntings cene (originallyin room2 7?). It is possiblet hat
furthefrr agmentosf the archerw illb e discovereda s we wideno ur search
radiusa roundr oom2 7.
5. The excavatioonf t renchII I, discussedin thep ublishedp reliminary room3 2, see Palaceo fN estorI, pp. 156-
sectionA , is describedin WAM 1939, reporot f 1939,b utt het renchan d the 160.N o fragmenotsf p lasterw ith
pp.3 6, 38,4 4 (April1 1); p. 80 (April exteriowr allo fr oom3 2 arei llustrated figuradle corationar em entioned
18); p. 88 (April2 0); and p. 119. For in Kourouniotaisn d Blegen1 939, there.
thee levationosf w alls,s ee p. 129. Exca- p. 560,f ig2. . 7. Palace ofN estorI I, p. 201.
vationo ft het renchis note xplicitly 6. Ford iscussionof t hef indsf rom
366 HARICLIA BRECOULAKI ET AL.
Figure1 . Two joiningp ieceso ft he
ArcherF ragmentP. hotoJ .S tephens
DESCRIPTION AND CONDITION
The ArcherF ragmenti s preservedin two joining pieces (Fig. I).8 The
dimensionso f the firstp iece (063.70) are p.L. 0.17, p.W. 0.135, p.H.
0.05-0.06 m, and thoseo f the second (063.71) are p.L. 0.05, p.W. 0.02,
p.H. 0.01-0.02 m.
A white-skinneodu tstretcheadr m,i n profilet o left,i s preservedt o
the shouldera gainsta brightb lue groundT. races of a whiteb and serve
as a bordero n one shorts ide of the fragmento;u r assumptioni s that
this band markedt he upper straighte dge of the compositiona, nd the
fragmenatn d figureh ave been so orientedA. red sketchl ine seems to
definet hef ormo f the arm.T he same redp aintw as employedt o indicate
8. This sectionr ecordos bservations deavorI.n thec ourseo fr eexamination withint hatd rawerT.h ese shouldb e
byB recoulakiS.h e acknowledgetsh e oft hew allp aintingfsr omt heP alaceo f distinguishefdr omL ang'si nventory
indispensablceo llaboratiotnh ats heh as Nestore, achp iecei n thes toreroomosf numbersw, hichp resenat sequence
enjoyedw ithR osemaryR obertson them useumw as assigneda unique numberf,o llowedb yc lassd esignation
sincet heb eginninogf t hep rojecta,n d identificationnu mbert:h ef irstth ree (sucha s "H" for" Human")a, nd a room
shea lso thankJs ennifearn d Arthur numberisn dicatet hed rawerin which or arean umber(e .g.,1 H 64 fort he
Stephensw, hosep hotographhsa ve thep iecei s storeda,n d,a ftera perioda, firsftr agmenwti tha representatioofna
addedm ucht o thes uccesso ft hise n- randomlyas signeds equencen umber humanf igurfer omH all 64).
AN ARCHER FROM THE PALACE OF NESTOR 367
Figure2 . Detail oft hea rcher'sh and
and wrista nd theb ow.P hotoin r aking
lightJ. .S tephens
fours tripeso n thew rist,p robablya bracelet( or bracelets)o, r,l ess likely,
leathers trapss imilart o thel aces oft hel eatherg reaveso ft hew arriorasn d
huntersd epictedi n Hall 64 and room4 8, respectivelyIt.9 i s also possible
thatt hes tripesr epresentth ec ollaro f a glove.I n fronto ft hew risto, n the
hand,t wor edb rushs trokesa rec learlyp reservedon thel argerp iece,w hile
on the small piece traceso f curvedl ines seem to definep artso f fingers
or knuckles( Fig. 2). The figurew earsa short-sleevebdl ue tunico r tight
bodice,o fa slightlyli ghterh ue thant heb ackgroundan d outlinedi n black.
The sleevei s ornamentedw itht hreeb lacks tripest hatf ollowt hec urveo f
the armpita t thel owere dge of theg arment.
The figurem ay have stood in a formalh, ieraticp osition,m ayh ave
been standingo r walkingo, r mayh ave moveds tillf asterw, ithk neesb ent
and bodys tretchefdo rward(s ee below,F igs. 9-11). These reconstructions
ared iscussedl ateri n thisa rticleT. he lastp ossibilityco ulde xplaint heu n-
usuald irectionof t heo utlineo ft heb ottomo ft heg armenatn dt hec loseness
to the bodyo f what is likelyt o be the righta rm.T wo whites trokest hat
jut outv erticallyab ovet heb ow arma ppeart o be fingerbs elongingt o the
righth and. The otherf ingerso f that hand would have held back the
9. Misidentificatioofnt hea rmo f
thef iguraes a foota t thet imeo fe xca- arrowa nd bowstringI.t is mostl ikelyt hatt he indexa nd middlef ingers
vationi s thuse ntireluyn derstandable, are depicteda nd thatt he othersg raspedt he string.
eveni ft hef igureisn Hall 64 and room The formo f theo bjecth eld in theh and in relationt o thep ositiono f
48 had noty etb eenf ound. the outstretcheadr ms uggestst hati t is meantt o be a bow.O n thisb asis,
368 HARICLIA BRECOULAKI ET AL.
Figure3 . Detail ofb ow above the
archers hand,s howingt hicki slets
of white paint. Photomicrograp6.h3 x.
H. Brecoulaki
Figure4 . Detail showingr eds tring
or strapa t uppere nd ofb ow.
Photomicrograp1h2. 5 x. H. Brecoulaki
we have identifiedth e figurer epresenteads an archerT. he upperp arto f
theb ow seemst o be straightT.h e bow was depictedi n two superimposed
paintl ayerst: hef irstt o be appliedw as a layeri n blackt hatf olloweda red
sketchl inev isiblea t theo uterl efte dge of theb ow; a secondl ayero ft hick
whitep aintf ollowedb, uti t has extensivelfyl akeda way( Fig. 3). Rounded
brushs trokeso f whitep ainti n reliefv, isiblea long the insideo f the bow,
were presumablym eantt o suggests ome decorativem otifa pplied to it
(Figs. 2, 3).
Traces of a thinr ed line are detectablea long the outere dge of the
bow preservedon thes mallerp iece.E ithert hea rtisth ad repositionedan d
repaintedt heb ow,o r thesea re the remainso f a paintede lementt hath as
otherwised isappearedI.s letso ft hickw hitep ainta re also preservedal ong
theo uterp arto ft heb ow; thesem ayh aveb een transferrefdr omt heu pper
thickw hitep aintl ayero f the bow and reftxetdh ereb y accident( Fig. 3).
The uppere nd of the bow is bentt owardt he archera, nd a red stringo r
strapi s wound aroundi t (Fig. 4). A few traceso f red and whitep aint,
AN ARCHER FROM THE PALACE OF NESTOR 369
Figure5 . Detail showingt wop arallel
curvedi ncisedl ineso r scratches.
Photomicrograp6.h3 x. H. Brecoulaki
preservedo n both pieces,a long witht he ghostl eftf romp aintt hatw as
originallyap pliedo n top of the blue ground,p ermitt he bowstringto be
reconstructed.
Betweent he uppere xtremitoyf the bow and the righte dge of the
fragmentw, heret herei s a red spot,t wo parallelc urvedi ncisedl ines are
visible( Fig. 5). It is uncleari f thesei ncisionsw erei ntentionalp,a rto f a
preliminarsyk etcho f theb ow,o r accidentalc, ausedb y mechanicala bra-
sion of thep ictorials urfaceS. everals cratchecs an,i n fact,b e observedo n
thisp arto f thef ragment.
A whitee lementb elow the armpiti s paintedw ith the same thick
whitep aint as the bow arm and is adornedw itht hreeu nidentifierde d
sphericaml otifst hatw eres ketchedin dilutedb lack( Fig. 6). On theo uter
edge of two of the sphericalm otifsa rev eryf ine,t hreadlikbe rushs trokes
thatw ave to thel eft.10
The precedingd escriptionpr esumest hatt heo utsideo ft hel efta rmi s
depicteda s graspingt he bow.I t is also possible,a lthoughi n our opinion
less plausible,t hatt he inside of the righta rm is shown( Fig. 9, below).
In thatc ase,w hatw e prefert o interpreats the hand thatd rewt he arrow
wouldh avet o be identifieads a quivero fs omes orto r a bag.T he twow hite
strokest hatc urves lightlyto the lefta bove the outstretcheadr m( Fig. 6)
mightt henb e interpreteads belongingt o the fingeros f the lefth and or
to the quiver.E videncef ora n added layero f blue painta long the upper
edge oft heo utstretcheadr m,b etweeni tsw rista nd thet wow hites trokes,
suggestst hep resenceo fa paintedm otift hath as nowv anished( unlesst he
artistr evisedh is originald rawingl,e avingt raceso f it remainingin white
and redp aintw heret heb lue painth as flakeda way).F romt heh orizontal
positiona nd linears hape of thism otifo, ne can imaginet he presenceo f
an arrow( Fig. 7).
The ArcherF ragmentis in fairc onditiono verall( Fig. 8). Its plasteris
10.T hese motifbs ringt o mindt he notablyc ompactc, omposedo fa thicka nd homogeneouws hitel ayerM. e-
claspo ft hec ollarw ornb yo ne oft he
redd ogsd epictedo n thel owerp arto f chanicald amagec an be observedo n the uppere dges of the fragmentin,
then ortheaswt allo fH all 64: Palaceo f the area immediatelyab ove and to ther ighto f theb lue sleeve,a nd below
AtetfrII,p1. 20,pl.R the bow arm.P aint layersa dherew ell to the plastera nd to each other.
yjO HARICLIA BRECOULAKI ET AL.
Figure6 . Detail showingp robable
righth and drawingb owstringan d
threes phericalm otifsP. hotoin
rakinlgig htJ.. S tephens
Figure7 . Detail showinga dded
layero fb lue paint,p erhapsa n arrow,
above thee xtendeda rmo ft hea rcher.
Photomicrograp6h.3 x. H. Brecoulaki
AN ARCHER FROM THE PALACE OF NESTOR yjl
Figure8 . Sketcho ft heA rcherF rag-
ments howingt hev ariablec ondition
oft hes urfaceH. . Brecoulaki
Despite thei rregulatrh icknesos ft hep aintl ayerst,h es urfaceo ft hep aint-
ing has notb een extensivelayb raded.I n certainp laces,h owevera, totalo r
partiallo sso ft hep aintl ayert hroughf lakingin hibittsh ea ccurateid entifica-
tiono f a numbero f details.A brasiono f theb lue backgroundis especially
obviousn eart heu ppere dgeo ft hef ragmenwt,h ere,a s alreadym entioned,
severals cratchesc an be seen.
11. PenelopeV ounissiouca rriedo ut
superficicalle aningo ft hef ragment The originalb rightnesosf the colorsw as veiledb y a thinf ilmo f fine
withc ottons wabs,d istilledw atera,c e- earth,v isibleu ndera stereomicroscopAe.s thisl ayerw as not especially
tone,a nd ethyal lcohol.C leaningw as hardenedb y carbonationn, orw as it firmlyaf fixedt o the surfacei,t was
aimedo nlya t ther ecoveroyf t heo rig- possiblet o removei t gentlyw ithouth avingt o resortt o strongc leaning
inalp olychrombyy e liminatioonf d irt
thath ad beend epositedo n thet op agentst hatc ould attackt heo riginals urface.1N1o otheri ncrustationhsa d
surfacoef t hef ragmenTth. e surface formedo n thes urfacoe ft hef ragmenTt.h erea ren o obvioust raceso fb urn-
was subsequentlcyo nsolidatewd itha ingo r ofd egradationp atterncsa usedb ym oisturteh atw ouldh aver esulted
layero fP araloidB 72 in a 3% concen- in colora lterationT.h e good conditiono ft heA rcherF ragmentt,h erefore,
trationin purea cetone. supportsL ang s argumentth ats uchb rightf ragmentws itha blue ground
12. Palaceo fN estorII , p. 7, n. 6; werer emovedf romt hew allso f thep alace beforei tsf inald estructioann d
p. 77.
13.T he twop iecesh aveb eeng lued mayh ave been used as buildingm ateriali n the rubblef illo f itsw alls or
togethewr ithH MG ParaloidB 72 floors.1T2h e conditiono ft hej oininge dgeso ft het wop iecest hatc onstitute
adhesive. thef ragmentte stifietsh ati t had been brokeni n antiquity.13
372 HARICLIA BRECOULAKI ET AL.
ICONOGRAPHY
Position, Gesture, and Dress
The ArcherF ragmenta ppearst o us mostl ikelyt o depicta figureh olding
a bow witht hel efta rm,t heo utsideo fw hichi s representedan, d then ock
ofa n arrowa nd theb owstringgr aspedw itht her ighth and.I n thed iscus-
siont hatf ollowst,h er epresentatioonf t hea rcheris consideredw ithint he
contexto f the arto f thep rehistoriAc egean.14
No archerw itha bow is clearlyid entifiablien thec orpuso fw allp aint-
ingsf romt he prehistoriAc egean.15R epresentationosf archersin glyptic
art,o n vases,a nd in otherm ediaa ref ewA. rchersa reo ccasionallyd epicted
in chariotsb, uto nlyi n contextws heret herei s reasont o suspecti nfluence
fromt he Near East.16F iguresa re typicallysh owni n profile.1K7n ees are
benta nd the archers ometimess tretcheosn e leg forwardo r backwardo, r
leansf orwardas ift o moveq uicklyo r to run.1T8h e bow is heldi n thel eft
arma nd the bowstringis drawnw itht he tuckedr ighta rm.1T9 he right
armf ormsa triangleu ndert heo utstretchelde fta rm,w itht her ighth and
shownn eart hel efte lbow.2T0h e bow is held in a closedf istp, alm against
itss haft.2T1h e bow is nott aut.A lthougha rchersa ren oto ftens hownw ith
othert ypeso fc ombatantisn representationaarlt ,t hereis somea rchaeologi-
cal and epigraphice videncef ort heirp articipatioinn warfare.22
14.T his sectiono ft hep aperr epre- G16, pls.1 0,2 0; cf.t hei voryb oxf rom licheM useenF G 2 (CMS XI, p. 39,
sentsr esearchby Z aitoun. Enkomi,C yprusC: aubet1 999,p p. 15, no.2 6, illustratehde rea s Fig. 12;
15. Borgna( 1992,p p. 132-133, 25, fig.1 3. In Aegeani conographtyh, e see also Krzyszkowsk2a0 05,p . 143,
nos.2 2, 23), howeverli,s tst hreef resco chariotis foundm ainlyin hunting fig2. 50) and theg oldr ingf romS haft
fragmentths atm ays howa rcherisn scenes. GraveI V at Mycenaen oteda bove
sceneso fw aro r theh untO. ne frag- 17. A sealf romt heT hisbet reasure (see n. 16).
mentf romt hem egarono fM ycenae in Boiotiar epresentas w omans hooting 20. E.g., a bronzed aggerf rom
depictst hel egso fa mani n a position witha bowa t a stag( Borgna1 992, MycenaeS haftG raveI V (Karo 1930,
thats uggesttsh eym ayh aveb elonged pp.4 5-46, n. 3, fig7. :a). The three- p. 95, no. 394,p ls.X CIII, XCIV); the
to an archers;e e Crouwel1 981,p . 122, quarterr ear-viewpo sitiono ft hef igure silverS iegeR hytonan d silverB attle
pl. 85 ( W8). Two otherf ragmenftsr om and theq uiverc arriedo n herb acka re Kraterf romM ycenaeS haftG raveI V
thep alacea tT irynsm ayr epresent strikingslyim ilart o whatw e imaginet o (Karo 1930,p . 106,n o.2 81,p l. CXXII;
quiverss;e e TirynIsI , p. 122,n o. 163, be one plausibler econstructioofnt he pp.1 19-120n, os.6 05-607,p ls.C XXVII-
pl.X IV:2; p. 157,n o.2 26,p l.X VL4. ArcherF ragmenftr omP ylos( cf.F ig. 9, CXXXI; Sakellariou1 974); a goldr ing
16. A fews ceness howinga rcherisn below).T herei s,h owevera,n unusual in BerlinS, taatlichMe useen1 1886
chariotasr er epresenteodn artifacts clumsinesasn d incoherencien the (CMS XI, pp. 42-43,n o.2 9, illustrated
producedin theA egean;s ee,e .g.,a drawingo ft hei mageo n thes ealt hat herea s Fig. 13; see also Borgna1 992,
goldr ingf romS haftG raveI V of has suggestetdo mosts cholarts hati t is p. 127,n o. 9, pl. IV:9; Krzyszkowska
GraveC ircleA at Mycenae:C MS I, a modernw ork( e.g.,B orgna1 992, 2005,p . 333,f ig6. 23:a,b ); and a
pp.2 6-27, no. 15 (AthensN, ational p. 46, n. 5; Krzyszkowsk2a0 05,p p. 320, stonev asef ragmenwti tha n archer
ArchaeologicMal useum2 40). The 332-334).I t is stilln oto uto ft heq ues- (HeraklionM useum2 57; see PM1,
stylea nd iconographoyf C yproA- egean tiont hata uthentimc odelsi nspired p. 314; III, pp. 100,1 06,f ig5. 9; War-
cylindesre als( Borgna1 992,p p. 128- thosew ho forgedit . ren1 969,p p. 85, 177,f igP. 473). In
129,n os.1 1-14,p ls.V ,V I), and of 18. Hiller( 1999,p p. 321-323, otherr epresentatiotnhs,e f igureasr e
a sealingo n a pithosf romC yprus pl. LXX:8a,b ) describetsh et ypical showna t resto, r thes cenesa rem ore
(Borgna1 992,p . 132,n o.2 1,p l.V III:21) positiono ft hea rcherw heni n combat. schematiocr moree astern.
arec learlym ixedt; heyr esemblsec enes 19. Depictionso ff iguredsr awing 21. This featuries clearo n thes tone
fromt heN earE ast,i ft hes ealsw ere an arroww itht hel efta rma rem uch seali llustratebde lowF, ig. 12.
nota ctuallym adet hereS. ee thed is- lessc ommonS. ee a stones ealw itha 22. Therea ree xceptionisn Grave
cussiono ft hes ames ealsa nd sealingsin femalea rchero fL M II date,s uppos- CircleA at Mycenaee; .g.,t hes ilver
Crouwel1 981,p p. 158-159,n os.G 2f edlyf romC rete,n owi n BerlinS, taat- SiegeR hytonan d thes ilverB attle