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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE TROUBLES OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi An Archaeology of the Troubles The dark heritage of Long Kesh/Maze prison c LAURA M ATACKNEY 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #LauraMcAtackney2014 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2014 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicence,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013947222 ISBN 978–0–19–967391–9 AsPrintedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi Acknowledgements Thereareinnumerablepeopletothankfortheirassistance,knowledge, humour,andconfidencesduringthecourseofthisresearch.Themost importantarethosewhotooktimeoutoftheirbusyschedulestotalkto meabouttheirexperiencesofLongKesh/Mazeprisonsite,andwithout whose help this research would have been incomplete. After Martin Meehan’sunexpecteddeathinlate2007Ihopethatthisworkremains a testament to his insightfulness and honesty in talking about his experiencesofimprisonment.RestInPeace. The good-naturedadvice and help of colleagues cannot go unrec- ognized, with colleagues from various universities, countries, and disciplines helping me shape my ideas and broaden my thinking. IwouldspecificallyliketothankDanHicks,JamesDixon,JaneSeiter, Lucy Cramp and Ann Sofie Witkins who were all at some stage associated with the University of Bristol. Aoibhin DeBurca, Steffi Lehner,CillianMcGrattan,PascalPragnere,StephenHarrison,Kath- erineO’Donnell,andthefabulousBrianJacksonatonetimegathered atUCDwereanamazingsupport.Scatteredtoallcornersoftheearth, mywholeheartedthanksgoestoMaryBeaudry,EleanorCasella,Brent Fortenberry,KrystaRyzewski,NotaPantzou,SusanKeitumetse,Hilary Soderland, Gavin Hughes, and Jonty Trigg for all their fabulous con- versations and sustaining friendships. Cahal McLaughlin, Lorraine Dennis,BrianGraham,JohnO’Neill,LouisePurbrick,RichardWhite- ing,SusanHoodandthestaffofPRONI(especiallyGrahamJackson), TNA, NIPS Museum, and Linen Hall Library also must be hugely credited. Any omissions, mistakes, and flights of fancy are strictly my own! Huge thanks to Caoimhghin Ó’Croidheáin for his fabulous composite image created for this book cover. It is a perfect encapsu- lationofacomplicated,evolvingsite. Special thanks must be extended to my funders, especially the AHRC, who funded the PhD on which this book is based. Also to the John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies at UCD, where the bookwascompleted. I would like to dedicate this volume to those who sustain, enlighten, question, frustrate, and—mostly gratefully!—usually ignore the work part of me. It is a great relief! To my ‘other half’ Jules OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi vi Acknowledgements and—her ‘other half’—Iain Fleming and my gorgeous nephews Rory andFinn,mysupportiveparentsAlexandPhyllisMcAtackney,andmy inspiringlittlebrother,David.Youareallmygreatestinspiration. LauraMcAtackney Belfast,January2013 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi Contents ListofFiguresandTables ix ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms xiii ListofOralTestimonies xiv Introduction 1 1. ‘ThelightsofLongKesh’:situatingLongKesh/Maze withintheNorthernIrishTroubles 11 DefiningLongKesh/Maze 15 AshortbiographyofLongKesh/Maze 17 LongKesh/Mazeandexternalrelations 22 TheinfluenceofLongKesh/MazeonNorthernIrishsociety 27 Politics 27 Economics 29 Society 31 Culture 32 Media 34 Conclusions 35 2. DissectingLongKesh/Maze—archaeologicaland multi-scalarapproaches 37 3. Documents 57 GovernmentFiles 62 Prisonercommunications(‘comms’) 79 Conclusions 95 4. Artefacts 97 TheNorthernIrelandPrisonService(NIPS)Collection 109 Prison-issueartefacts 122 Post-closureprisonartefacts 130 Conclusions 133 5. Standingbuildings 137 TheCompounds 140 TheH-Blocks 154 TheH-Blockprisonhospital 173 Conclusions 180 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi viii Contents 6. Landscapes 183 LongKesh/Mazeprisonlandscape 185 Locallandscape 192 Memoriesoflandscape 195 RepresentingLongKesh/Maze:media, murals,andmemorials 206 Conclusions 223 7. Darkheritage 225 Politicalprisonsanddarkheritage 226 BecomingdarkheritageatLongKesh/Maze 229 ‘Distributedself’ofLongKesh/Maze 244 LongKesh/Mazedistributedself:personal 251 LongKesh/Mazedistributedself:community 257 Conclusions 265 8. Conclusions:BobbySands’sbedandtheghostsofplace 269 ThedeathbedofBobbySands 269 LessonsfromLongKesh/Maze 274 Bibliography 281 Index 297 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 3.1 Exampleofatypicalprisonercomm.(withtranscription underneath)(©McAtackney2007) 61 3.2 Prisonercomm.depictingaratbeingenticedwithobjects droppedfromprisonwindow(©McAtackney2007) 82 3.3 Prisonercomm.depictingprisonerscommunicating‘along thepipes’intheH-Blocks,c.1981(©McAtackney2007) 83 4.1 Mini-gymlocatedinasmallcommunalroomofH-Block, c.2006(©McAtackney2006) 100 4.2 Prison-issueartefactsstoredinsiteaircrafthangar,c.2005 (©JohnóNéill2005) 101 4.3 Prison-issuemetalfoodtray,NorthernIrelandPrison ServiceCollection,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 106 4.4 Prison-issuemetalfoodtraymodifiedtobeusedasa shovel,NorthernIrelandPrisonServiceCollection, Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 106 4.5 Prison-issuemetalfoodtraymodifiedtobeusedasa ceremonialpike,NorthernIrelandPrisonService MuseumStore,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 107 4.6 UFFflagusedasmarchingparaphernalia,Northern IrelandPrisonServiceCollection,Millisle.Undated (©McAtackney2005) 117 4.7 Plasticcupholdingasmallincendiarydevice,Northern IrelandPrisonServiceCollection,Millisle.Undated (©McAtackney2005) 119 4.8 Confiscatedladdersthathadbeenmadefrompartsof aprison-issuebed-frame,NorthernIrelandPrisonService Collection,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 125 4.9 CentralObservationRoomofH-BlockAdministration Block,c.2006(©McAtackney2006) 131 4.10 CentralObservationRoomofH-BlockAdministration Block,c.2008(©PrisonMemoryArchive2008) 132 5.1 PhotographofaplanofaH-Block,NorthernIrish PrisonCollection,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2006) 139

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Long Kesh / Maze prison was infamous as the major holding centre for paramilitary prisoners during the course of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Some of the major events of the recent conflict centred on, emanated from, and were transformed by it, including the burning of the internment camp in 19
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by  Laura McAtackney
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE TROUBLES OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi An Archaeology of the Troubles The dark heritage of Long Kesh/Maze prison c LAURA M ATACKNEY 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #LauraMcAtackney2014 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2014 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicence,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013947222 ISBN 978–0–19–967391–9 AsPrintedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi Acknowledgements Thereareinnumerablepeopletothankfortheirassistance,knowledge, humour,andconfidencesduringthecourseofthisresearch.Themost importantarethosewhotooktimeoutoftheirbusyschedulestotalkto meabouttheirexperiencesofLongKesh/Mazeprisonsite,andwithout whose help this research would have been incomplete. After Martin Meehan’sunexpecteddeathinlate2007Ihopethatthisworkremains a testament to his insightfulness and honesty in talking about his experiencesofimprisonment.RestInPeace. The good-naturedadvice and help of colleagues cannot go unrec- ognized, with colleagues from various universities, countries, and disciplines helping me shape my ideas and broaden my thinking. IwouldspecificallyliketothankDanHicks,JamesDixon,JaneSeiter, Lucy Cramp and Ann Sofie Witkins who were all at some stage associated with the University of Bristol. Aoibhin DeBurca, Steffi Lehner,CillianMcGrattan,PascalPragnere,StephenHarrison,Kath- erineO’Donnell,andthefabulousBrianJacksonatonetimegathered atUCDwereanamazingsupport.Scatteredtoallcornersoftheearth, mywholeheartedthanksgoestoMaryBeaudry,EleanorCasella,Brent Fortenberry,KrystaRyzewski,NotaPantzou,SusanKeitumetse,Hilary Soderland, Gavin Hughes, and Jonty Trigg for all their fabulous con- versations and sustaining friendships. Cahal McLaughlin, Lorraine Dennis,BrianGraham,JohnO’Neill,LouisePurbrick,RichardWhite- ing,SusanHoodandthestaffofPRONI(especiallyGrahamJackson), TNA, NIPS Museum, and Linen Hall Library also must be hugely credited. Any omissions, mistakes, and flights of fancy are strictly my own! Huge thanks to Caoimhghin Ó’Croidheáin for his fabulous composite image created for this book cover. It is a perfect encapsu- lationofacomplicated,evolvingsite. Special thanks must be extended to my funders, especially the AHRC, who funded the PhD on which this book is based. Also to the John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies at UCD, where the bookwascompleted. I would like to dedicate this volume to those who sustain, enlighten, question, frustrate, and—mostly gratefully!—usually ignore the work part of me. It is a great relief! To my ‘other half’ Jules OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi vi Acknowledgements and—her ‘other half’—Iain Fleming and my gorgeous nephews Rory andFinn,mysupportiveparentsAlexandPhyllisMcAtackney,andmy inspiringlittlebrother,David.Youareallmygreatestinspiration. LauraMcAtackney Belfast,January2013 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi Contents ListofFiguresandTables ix ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms xiii ListofOralTestimonies xiv Introduction 1 1. ‘ThelightsofLongKesh’:situatingLongKesh/Maze withintheNorthernIrishTroubles 11 DefiningLongKesh/Maze 15 AshortbiographyofLongKesh/Maze 17 LongKesh/Mazeandexternalrelations 22 TheinfluenceofLongKesh/MazeonNorthernIrishsociety 27 Politics 27 Economics 29 Society 31 Culture 32 Media 34 Conclusions 35 2. DissectingLongKesh/Maze—archaeologicaland multi-scalarapproaches 37 3. Documents 57 GovernmentFiles 62 Prisonercommunications(‘comms’) 79 Conclusions 95 4. Artefacts 97 TheNorthernIrelandPrisonService(NIPS)Collection 109 Prison-issueartefacts 122 Post-closureprisonartefacts 130 Conclusions 133 5. Standingbuildings 137 TheCompounds 140 TheH-Blocks 154 TheH-Blockprisonhospital 173 Conclusions 180 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi viii Contents 6. Landscapes 183 LongKesh/Mazeprisonlandscape 185 Locallandscape 192 Memoriesoflandscape 195 RepresentingLongKesh/Maze:media, murals,andmemorials 206 Conclusions 223 7. Darkheritage 225 Politicalprisonsanddarkheritage 226 BecomingdarkheritageatLongKesh/Maze 229 ‘Distributedself’ofLongKesh/Maze 244 LongKesh/Mazedistributedself:personal 251 LongKesh/Mazedistributedself:community 257 Conclusions 265 8. Conclusions:BobbySands’sbedandtheghostsofplace 269 ThedeathbedofBobbySands 269 LessonsfromLongKesh/Maze 274 Bibliography 281 Index 297 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,8/2/2014,SPi List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 3.1 Exampleofatypicalprisonercomm.(withtranscription underneath)(©McAtackney2007) 61 3.2 Prisonercomm.depictingaratbeingenticedwithobjects droppedfromprisonwindow(©McAtackney2007) 82 3.3 Prisonercomm.depictingprisonerscommunicating‘along thepipes’intheH-Blocks,c.1981(©McAtackney2007) 83 4.1 Mini-gymlocatedinasmallcommunalroomofH-Block, c.2006(©McAtackney2006) 100 4.2 Prison-issueartefactsstoredinsiteaircrafthangar,c.2005 (©JohnóNéill2005) 101 4.3 Prison-issuemetalfoodtray,NorthernIrelandPrison ServiceCollection,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 106 4.4 Prison-issuemetalfoodtraymodifiedtobeusedasa shovel,NorthernIrelandPrisonServiceCollection, Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 106 4.5 Prison-issuemetalfoodtraymodifiedtobeusedasa ceremonialpike,NorthernIrelandPrisonService MuseumStore,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 107 4.6 UFFflagusedasmarchingparaphernalia,Northern IrelandPrisonServiceCollection,Millisle.Undated (©McAtackney2005) 117 4.7 Plasticcupholdingasmallincendiarydevice,Northern IrelandPrisonServiceCollection,Millisle.Undated (©McAtackney2005) 119 4.8 Confiscatedladdersthathadbeenmadefrompartsof aprison-issuebed-frame,NorthernIrelandPrisonService Collection,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2005) 125 4.9 CentralObservationRoomofH-BlockAdministration Block,c.2006(©McAtackney2006) 131 4.10 CentralObservationRoomofH-BlockAdministration Block,c.2008(©PrisonMemoryArchive2008) 132 5.1 PhotographofaplanofaH-Block,NorthernIrish PrisonCollection,Millisle.Undated(©McAtackney2006) 139

Description:
Long Kesh / Maze prison was infamous as the major holding centre for paramilitary prisoners during the course of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Some of the major events of the recent conflict centred on, emanated from, and were transformed by it, including the burning of the internment camp in 19
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