An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands PDF
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SpringerBriefs in Archaeology SpringerBriefs inArchaeological Heritage Management SeriesEditors: DouglasComer HelaineSilverman WillemWillems Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10186 A. José Farrujia de la Rosa An Archaeology of the Margins Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands 2123 A.JoséFarrujiadelaRosa SociedadEspañoladeHistoriadelaArqueología LaLaguna,Tenerife(CanaryIslands) Spain ISSN1861-6623 ISSN2192-4910(electronic) ISBN978-1-4614-9395-2 ISBN978-1-4614-9396-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-9396-9 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013951521 © TheAuthor(s)2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) ToIsabel,Otto,andAna, myparticularpolarcircle Tomyfamily Acknowledgments Thisbookisthedirectresultofresearchcarriedoutoverthepastfouryears.During this time I have had the opportunity to take part in various national and interna- tional conferences, and work abroad, and both experiences have helped to enrich thecontentsofthismonographthroughdiscussionsheldwithotherarchaeologists andhistorians.Iwouldthereforeliketothankthefollowingcolleaguesforsharing theirideaswithme,becausetheircommentshave,withoutdoubt,enhancedtheper- spective and depth of the work. First of all, I would like to thankAlain Schnapp, ProfessorofClassicalArchaeologyattheUniversityofParis1(PanthéonSorbonne), formerDirectorGeneraloftheInstitutNationald’Histoiredel’Art(INHA),anda leadingworldspecialistinthehistoryofarchaeology.Hisexaminationofthehistory of Canarian archaeology has helped open up new perspectives that are crucial to understandingarchaeologicalheritagemanagementintheCanaryIslandssincethe mid-nineteenthcenturyincomparisonwiththeEuropeanandinternationalcontext.I alsooffermymostsincerethankstoGonzaloRuizZapatero,ProfessorofPrehistory at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, andTracy Ireland, Senior Lecturer in Cultural Heritage at the University of Canberra (Australia). Their comments have beenparticularlyhelpfulinplacingthecaseoftheCanaryIslandswithinaninterna- tionalcontextandinexploringtheproblematicofcolonialismandpostcolonialism in archaeological practice. My thanks are also due to Margarita Díaz-Andreu, an ICREA Research Professor in the Department of Prehistory at the University of Barcelona.HerknowledgeofSpanisharchaeologyduringtheFrancoregimeandthe effectsofcolonialismonarchaeologyandthemanagementofcultureandheritage inrelationtotourismhave, toagreatextent, beenamodelformyapproachtothe caseoftheCanaryIslands.Also,mygratitudetoBruceMaddyWeitzman,Principal ResearchFellowattheMosheDayanCenterforMiddleEasternandAfricanStudies atTelAvivUniversity, forsharingwithmehisknowledgeoftheAmazighissuein NorthAfrica. IamalsogratefultoHelaineSilvermann,ProfessorofAnthropology,LatinAmer- icanandCaribbeanStudies,LASGlobalStudies,andMemberoftheCenterforEast AsianandPacificStudiesattheUniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign.Thisbook wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutherspecialinterestinindigenousarchaeology andthecaseoftheCanaryIslands,basedontheFirstInternationalConferenceon vii viii Acknowledgments BestPracticesinWorldHeritageArchaeology, inMenorcainApril2012. Theex- changeofideaswithFernandoEstévezGonzález,ProfessorofSocialAnthropology attheUniversidadofLaLaguna,hasalsobeenveryvaluable.Iwouldliketothank himforreadingthefirstdraftofthisbookandforhiscomments,whichhavehelped me to refine certain ideas and approaches, particularly those pertaining to tourism andpostcolonialism.IwouldalsoliketothankTarekOdeforthephotographsthat accompany this volume and which, without question, provide an opportunity for understandingagreatmanyofthespecificfeaturesofCanarianarchaeology. Contents 1 Introduction................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1 1.2 TheGreatDilemma:EuropeanAncestorsorInsularImazighen? ... 5 1.3 TheGradualDisappearanceoftheIndigenousCanarianHeritage... 12 1.4 TheNorthAfricanImazighen ................................ 15 1.5 PerspectiveandThematicStructureoftheBook ................. 18 References..................................................... 19 2 TheInventionofCanarianPrehistoryandEarlyArchaeological HeritageManagementintheNineteenthCentury(1868–1936) ...... 23 2.1 TheFirstArchaeologicalCollections .......................... 23 2.2 TheBeginningofPrehistoricArchaeologyintheCanaryIslands ... 25 2.3 TheCro-MagnonRaceandtheSystemoftheFourAges .......... 26 2.3.1 1868:TheCro-MagnonRaceandPrehistoricArchaeology intheCanaryIslands ................................. 26 2.3.2 TheInfluenceoftheFrenchModelintheCanaryIslands ... 28 2.4 ArchaeologicalHeritageManagementintheNineteenthCentury ... 32 2.4.1 ElGabineteCientífico(SantaCruzdeTenerife) ........... 33 2.4.2 ElMuseoCanario(LasPalmasdeGranCanaria).......... 34 2.4.3 SociedadLaCosmológica(SantaCruzdeLaPalma)....... 35 2.5 ProtectionoftheArchaeologicalPatrimonyintheLegal VacuumoftheNineteenthCentury ............................ 37 2.6 The1911LawonExcavationsandAntiquities................... 38 References..................................................... 40 3 ArchaeologyandDictatorship:TheCentralization ofArchaeologicalHeritageManagement(1939–1975) .............. 43 3.1 ArchaeologicalHeritageManagementDuringtheFrancoPeriod ... 45 3.1.1 MuseumInstitutionsandHeritageManagement........... 47 3.1.1.1 ElMuseoCanario............................ 47 3.1.1.2 TheTenerifeArchaeologicalMuseum ........... 47 3.2 The“Hispanic”and“Neolithic”ConceptoftheIndigenousCanarians 48 References..................................................... 52 ix x Contents 4 InSearchoftheIndigenousCultureoftheCanary Islands(1975–2012) ............................................ 55 4.1 TheLegalFrameworkandArchaeologicalHeritageManagement intheCanaryIslands........................................ 57 4.1.1 Law16/1985of25JuneontheSpanishHistoricalHeritage 58 4.1.2 ThePowersoftheAutonomousCommunities andLaw4/1999of15MarchontheHistorical HeritageoftheCanaryIslands ......................... 59 4.2 TheNatureofCanarianArchaeologicalAssetsintheColonialEra 61 4.3 TheInternationalizationofArchaeologicalHeritageManagement andIndigenousArchaeologies ................................ 66 4.4 TheGlobalizationofArchaeologyandtheRecoveryofthe ElitistHeritage ............................................ 69 4.5 ExcludingtheIndigenousArchaeologicalHeritage:TheCase ofAguere(Tenerife) ........................................ 72 4.5.1 AguereandArchaeology .............................. 74 4.5.2 ValuingtheIndigenousHeritage:ArchaeologicalParks?.... 76 4.5.3 ArchaeologyandtheLocalCommunity ................. 77 4.6 Heritage Speculation: The Case of the Tindaya Mountain (Fuerteventura)............................................. 79 4.6.1 TheTindayaArchaeologicalAssets ..................... 80 4.6.2 EduardoChillida’sArtProjectinTindaya ................ 82 4.6.3 NeglectoftheIndigenousHeritage ..................... 83 4.7 PositiveManagementoftheIndigenousHeritage intheCanaryIslands........................................ 84 4.7.1 LaCuevaPintadadeGáldar(GranCanaria) .............. 85 4.7.2 BelmacoandLaZarzayLaZarcita(LaPalma) ........... 88 4.7.3 ElJúlan(ElHierro) .................................. 92 4.8 TheCurrentTrendinArchaeologicalHeritageManagement intheCanaryIslands........................................ 94 4.9 ArchaeologyandTourismintheCanaryIslands ................. 98 References..................................................... 103 5 Conclusions ................................................... 109 References..................................................... 115 Index ............................................................ 117 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction This book analyzes the problematic of archaeological heritage management in the Canary Islands (Spain), an archipelago whose archaeology reveals significant fea- turesanddifferencesinrelationtotherestofSpainand, toanevengreaterextent, otherEuropeancountries,inasmuchasitisessentiallydefinedbyitsAfricanroots. However,atthesametime,Canarianarchaeologyalsosharessomeofthemostcom- moncharacteristicsofsocialhistoriesofarchaeologyworldwide(includingEurope). With regard to heritage management, Canarian archaeology belongs to the era of globalization,inwhichWesternideologyhascontrolledthearchaeologicalheritage management agenda by analyzing and interpreting heritage in terms of aWestern culturalviewpoint(Ireland2010).Fromthisperspective,archaeologyisfundamental toculturalidentityandnationbuildingbecauseithelpsincreatingaculturalheritage or,inotherwords,thecombinationoftangibleobjects(sites,landscapes,structures, andartifacts)andintangiblevalues(theideas,customs,andknowledgethatgiverise tothem)thatarchaeologistsstudy.Archaeologicalheritage,therefore,hasalsobeen involvedinperpetuatingcertainaspectsofthehistoricalmasternarrativesofEurope, asisthecaseintheCanariancontext. Globalization,albeitinanearliertechnologicalform,canbeinterpretedasthekey processthathasshapedthecolonialworld: exploration, imperialism, colonization, massmigration,andthespreadofcapitalismareprocessescruciallyinterwoveninto thesubsequentriseandspreadofpostcolonialnationalisms(LydonandRizvi2010). Althoughinmanynationsglobalizationappearstohaveresultedinanintensification ofthelevelandimportanceofnationalisticimagery,itisalsoclearthatconceptsof personalandcollectiveidentity,andthereforesharedorsocialmemory,havechanged and fragmented in recent decades and that this should perhaps be understood as a culturaleffectofglobalization.Withintheseparameters,heritagecanbeseennotonly asaglobaldiscourse,butalsoasadiscourseofglobalizationthroughitspromotionof theideaofheritageasmaterialandauthentic.Heritagethusoccupiesadualposition, asbothacauseandeffectofculturalglobalization(Willems2012). Withinthispanorama,politicsisunderstoodhereastherepresentationofinterests andsocialidentities.Therefore,inreferringtothepoliticaluseofarchaeologyand A.J.FarrujiadelaRosa,Anarchaeologyofthemargins, 1 SpringerBriefsinArchaeology,DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-9396-9_1, ©TheAuthor(s)2014
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