An Archaeological Survey of Petroglyph and Pictograph Sites in the State of Washington

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AN ARCHAEDLOGICAL SURVEY OF PETROGLYPH
AND PECTOGRAPH SITES IN THE STATE

OF WASHINGTON

LIBRARY Copy
DO NOT REMOVE

TORICAL
co HAgaLOeICAl & HISTORIC
AHA OES ee

RICHARD F, NECLURE JR,

THE EVERGREEN STATE COLLEGE

ARORAEQLGGICAL REPORTS GF INVESTIGATION, NO. I

oumerta, Waser

, SUPTENBER 1978
sceeunr er acN>

Novy people played a pact in providing me wich help ducing the
seurse of this survey. Ctmast thanka ta extended co Jesnne Welea, ost
Stete Bstoric Presarvation Officer, who thought the profect was worthy
snoagh to varraat tie TaadJng uf the State of Mashington. dtaout hee
inteveat 2a soanees

> tha oreject would no:

os dete", raspossible for site recorda at the

lavaLagton Acchae=

ologiosl Yenenech Genter, deserves appreciactan. Los proviled accuse to

arshagalsgical site intoumation and preceased che av «lee forms from

Chis varvny, assigning the site aumbera. She sas a” equslaal suysort

tlw sajer inforsants pvaviding infarmaztan an we niles oud making
chetr phovageapha available weve: Davdd Chaser, Dick Clifton, David Cole,
istived Saugherty, GLarcaze Day, Ren § Loin pan sence, (ilauilt Fite,

Reimers nsengo, Janes Hengex, Jamas Haael line, Jis Klar, Maleom and

owiue Voring, ke Lynca, Mck Paglierd, Jay Perey, Hacver S, Rice,

and Hinory Serong. My thanks is also extendul iy all he Laudomera wha
were co nice as 0 piovice asiesa aul infuenation regarding reck art 4
thelr area.

Aaron tahoyilt, Bivid ings, hagele UeGavarn, Mike Lynch, Ken ben
Beste, and my with Kwey were of vacLisular selp in che fleld, Mike Lynch,
Ap peetdoular, deserver sectal Chuniky for informacion vegarding many oF
the ates in Lhe wocth-omtea) pact af the state. I am elan grateful to
f

formation on

che Lortage for japart ing sich (uete vas quantities

atten Io KeligleiLal Gov

fy Lg all of the people who provided a warn
lice lo sloop er ¢ meal, you are all invited 20 recfeve the same hnea!t—
aTiuy at ay Home.

Most of the typing of the ffnsl draft was dime by marcia Fanson,

sul most of the phote and slite processing Jone hy Trary Handy at The

Rveegzeon State College. Faculey sponsor Mary F. Kelean was so very nd

le peavide o!

"ice and file apace, ase of the =ypesricar and telephone
at Ue voLlege.

thank you all ao very mic:

Rick Yecluce
Sept. 26, 1978
otyepia
coureyns

The Survey
boeervaetona

Wiecory of Hock Art Investigation {2 Washington ..ssereseseses 5
Tabie 1, Stree from Fetroglyphe of Central tashtagton sssss+s 8
Table 2. Sites trom "Petrographa of North Gentyal Kashington” 10
Table 3. Hydroelectric dana affecting rock art sites cscs aa
Bibliogsaphy oe cise sie 1"
ste Desertptions sss. = a

Figure 1. Sample page from the Cundy mannacript:
Figure 2. Sample fleld sketeh,
Figure 4. Sample archaeological site form weed during sorvey,

MMgure 4. Sample scace Inventory form uaed during aurvey.

A nota on the plates:

AIL plates are from photographs by &. NeGluce Jr, efeh the exception
of the folloving: Flate 6 = Jay Perry, Plate 10-2, Robert Butler, Plate
9 = Jones Haseltine, and Plate 12 - Davia Cole.
Le tha Sontag no 1977 oralimiuany work waa done to assess tke cur
veoh sralse ay coue get sites in the @

of Vasltagon. Tits work wa
dome 38 9 pert of an Indiv

lal Coatrac: Sinéy in Anthzopelogy at The

Fvocgrasa State College. Tae ceaesemen: revaled that theve extated a

Lacge aamber of aftes thst aod act srevians!y heen wisized 3y an arch-
peologist oy vestevad trantuant as arghawelopical ices.
The 1077 work sonseaced with a Iilurature yunreh, Information

regarding ef

Location vas wctabel agains Ineasion x18 of archace—

Lopies? eice Enrse ac the “esiLagton Archauotagival Rosoares Center
GARE). & LEet af veportad sites not ragiatured with tho Master Site Tile
fat WARS wae produced, OF partievlar aote wis shew Fast that many of the

eites deserdbed dn the oxo wafoe S>Linaracl

b remeuise, Petroglyphs of
Cental Vashdagtin, Uy tl Tharas Gals, and “‘atronraphy of Yorth Central

Washington, Inv thirgtd 1. candy, sed oe boen listed wich WRC, Wadle an
the Feld attowsllng tu rolucata cites from these sourees, other rezorted
sites ware brougkt ip alsomtton and added to the growing List

sn wsumination of the HAR <iLsy on patvestygh ané pletograps ettea,

ae well wy materiel coLlvered from vatious reservoir snd ocher

showed Usat documentation of che rock ext tad been neglected. Many site

Fores tor nou-isundated sites bore the sorde "should be photographed”

unde: hetdings Sor recomendations. Paatogragis were at tizee Jouad, but

for the most part vere mis-Labeted or not labeled at ali. The excet ature
of che

gives from assy aites ¥ be iio becavee of « general

Lack of Intevase avong mast earlier archaeslogleal aurveye vegarding tho

petroglyphs and pfccogrsphe themselves

ce became apparent thet there was a a:

to document the zock art
around che state in a core complete for chao had 3eea dane by eavlier
Imvustigatcre. In 1977 a norber of mevly eported oftas vere vlefted aad
rovorded, with mumbera for these sites being asofgied Sy UARC. These vere
Puotographed and sketched, snd at time traced ou aylar or etherwiae
sopiad by rubbing techniques, With owh ¢ large aumber of potential new
sillos at hand, end more informattea coaiug in from a vas= chen oF infor—
wente, it vax Heit that full time should be davoted to this etudy in 1974,

and funce vere cought.
In Februsry funds vere made available to The Fvergceen State Colege
Foc the perpose of this survey Seon # grant provided by the Washington
State Office of Archaeology and Historie Preservation, With this grant of
$5,577 Ac became possible to make extended field excursions In search of
reported efces, to azet wich various local informants around the state,
‘and to photograph che petroglyphs and pietographs occuring at each of the
sitea. Photographa taken by Individuals and {aformante of sites prenently
descroyed ox under water were duplicated, A file was kepe on each gute with
all ratertal collected conceruing that site retained therein,

fany erdpe were made to all are

of the state, lp to ten days a¢ one
‘timu were sonestees apent on a single excursion into the field, Yost eins

were of a four to ix dey duration and tnyolved camping on atte ot ueatby.

LL was originally hoped chat each of che aites could be mapped and figures

Laced (or rubbings made). After several of the sites vere treated 4n chis

fachion 1t became obvious tha: ctoe Limtcations would not permit this
precize documentation for each of che atces, At cines even sketehing (eee
Fig. 2 For asuple) vas not possible and foz the most part photodocunenta~
‘tion prevailed,

good part of any field day was spca: walking Long stretches of cliff

or sxous-sountry hiking in search of reported sites. 0:

en nothing was
found. when location information vas goad anf nape

the areas in question
fn hand, nove nites could be recorded in a avaller aount of Eine. A single
day in Okanagan County yielded twelve nav edces. Ona few tripa additional
help photagtaphing, sketching, and driving waa provided by friends ox
fellow studence.

Reconstructing information aboat {undated or destroyed vock art sites
wae probably mare complicated than the Ffeld work, Mach af che vock art
along the Colunbia River had been under water for twenty yeaza ar more.
This time span acted as a barrier im che mnories of most informants and
Location information, as a result, had to conatantly be crose-checked.
Sometiaes tore was confusion as co what sites certain individual pecro-
alyph or photograph figures should be assigned. Thde usually arove whea
older photographs were found to have buen aislabeled.

The survey should be considered as preliminary. “eay of the sites
hised to be more thoroughdy documeated. & good deal

spent at each site. The need for careful examinatfon te wall tLlustrated

eine needs to be
in thus case af stan 8

> Rédy on che Sante Hiver, Thie alte

was eigiced om four separace cave in twa ar”

rest, sousuns, The Large aun
ber of boulcese and 0

rope covered ‘tcl 4 hoary olack patina posed «
orehiem ag any pe:

oplyphe occ:y beaeat's toe patina, Taese glysha hecone

wiasbie onty vhen

@ angle of chu wm stvikee the veck dn a mimer 59 as

te produce shadove In che shallow purked marke of each igure, Ay the sur-

Favus Hace several d¢vecctone, che “tqueos on different racks bess
aateeze

visible a

stmen oF

ts day, Now figures were foual an each of

the four separa

days ches

evan visited, Time germdtzed auch “onger

visits at only a very Fev atces.
Pour daye

fodeed a long period of time te apend at ove site when
sheve are over cua bundeed co

Lhe- invermation on, Pathepa £9 the near
future more da-iepsh aency can be done at some of more aZgntfZeuat rock

ars cites ta uuuhingim. + groares eoneeun for tha aboriazna’ phenomca

has Seen chown fm suwemi yuary not only Sy the fermatzon of werk yroups
fan tie tmurivan Seek Ase Research Assockatina aad the Gauadian Rock Art

fe fmevessing number of oascers and doctoral

ona Lovoluing ~osk art research, The most atgitilsaal
of this aort Jn cur avea ta "The Uentle 1

srrogiyehs” by Jeffery Ellison of
Washington State Uatvern(sy. Completed in 192, this the!

covers atten
aes

CA 2LG, 65 CA 216, amd 45 Gh 21? on the Washington erase. the

sites were ast osly decumented ‘0 x complete a manner as possible hut ware

Stallal Lt relobion Lo au atpriqied archaeological viliege afte, culture,

gal salgiboring coeie art 1 the march.
oe malevial vollvcted doeing thie survey of Waahingtoa rock art lus
ews plenee 5 “Ely at “he Suchingzen Azcheeologica’ Regearch Center In

Tall, ubington, aud Is mule avaiable co individuals engeged 4a aay

anchsapolagical o= arsivuwologles] reneazeh involving this form of native

exp

fon. U fy aoped il tse ohotogzaphe, ta parttowlar, wLL be

aesL2zed by résmarsiiers analyelag styles nati

sand re'ation ¢0 other
avchacils

M1 Galas. Tse Che ef? he maintained by ARG with ae

Anfovsattom hying adése lo 1k ay 4¢ de collected by various individuals.

ntody gf eae'e art Sos alsays been loosed upon a rather sancaTie
thee, C40 thy aost pare >

ng Limited co éasceiotive treatienl. Tk Ls hopee
Lut Lhe row Gata ces! tli Erkan this survey WIE he used by ethers €0 Delp

elevate rack art research from the speculative level.
ORSERVAIONS

A total af 295 rack art sites are presently registered for ha stat

of Kashtngton, Of chis total, Li4 are exclusively pletograph eftes vhiie
98 wese found te have only petroglyphs present, Sites having both petzo~
elaphs and plecographe totaled 21. As 2 mesult of Held work, intervieve,
and I"ceratuce searches, 11 new sites vere Listed with WARC.

A munber of factors, both natural and wanature], have hed a negative

affecs nn many of the rock ert sites. Fovenet ave the unnatural factors
reaul2{ng fen the sdvances of eivilization, of ali the sleerattons man has
male on che landscape et Washington, the construction of mumerous hydro~
electein dame renke high anong those with « great affect on the general
cology. These dane also rank highest in the loss of archacological sites.
A total of 77 altes are know to have beea inundated (see Table 3). The
activities of road, raflroad, and building comstrection have aleo played a

uajor role tn the destmuctton of rock avt sites, as shown in the following

section of atte deseripttons
In Zastem Washington, pletographs, in particular, have euffered from
a number of natural destructive forces. One of these, exfoltatton, Le the

result of periodic freeing and chaving. Tie causes a chia layer of rock

to flake off from the main aurfi

"a, often taking pieces of pletogeaphy
along in the process. Groundwater mineral deposite are sonmas on neny of
tho rock art panels in the atare and over 2 period of tine, ten! to totally
obscure the Figures they form upon. Studies have shovn that che depostts,
For the moat act white dn color, ave aluminun aflicate clay (Taylor: 1974),

ton the coast and fa areas affected by tides, wave and water action haw

alug Sean lonteumental in the detertoration of rock art.
Ta the FoLlomiag section on site descriptions in thie report, sone
‘hat of 3a attezpe a beon mele to indicate aseociated cecupation, burial
ov other archacological eites found in close proximity to the rock art, Ut
seena, La a ten

tative view, thee nony of the petvoglyph and pletograph sltes

Ft Lato what da6 een termed “size complexes" by other archaeslegicte, Tt
4s pravently not possible to temporally associate the rock art to the other
vivae but futare work may provide other than agcoeiattenal apcumptione in

this svea.
Rf INvESTLseTIy

We aes

The Prac offlatel aystencte tery of clueeifying and reptetering
archacoiopteal ufles fu Gil state cane with the Smtheendan Inettcut ton

Raver Basin Sueyiss tu 127. U1 wae at th

time that the nunhertng
system prety in use iv this late wes adopted, Previoun te the River

baocin Hurgiys there hud been sverel ievestiastors de the Feld thit had

examined rock art vitme either exclusively or ae a part ef zegtonal arch=
scolugleal sewers
arlaw T, Saduh disevsue! voweeeL seek ext edtes dn the Yakina val ley

StoeUly aller the suru af the eemure Gait: 1905, 1810).

westigettans
Sy avohawwlogiale qomuclnced with the etyeeuity el GuliLemia st Zerkeley

Avrdag 1925-27 jnchuiled patragiyites and plctogeusty mee their Ereatcent

OF alter In STickiLar Gunes wu le Cylsaia River (Stmeue 6 Schenck: 1925

ned Steoag, Sehewk, © Stueneil: 4958). Me

xt Krieger, representing the

Switine:laz Txstitution, aise tuk noce of « sumber cf cites frox Vantage
Lo The Dalles sea on the Columbia River (xrtezer 1527, 1928, 1934). These
ran ware 11 pro‘esstonal archasolng‘aca repraseeting var luus educational
Anecseutiang al ssseuns

he gost exteaeLre document

fou uf tock ert duricg this tice perio’

wow clone hy Iszotd J, Gundy, ul Vonatelwe, Condy wae a menbur of the now

slrluwe Cetunbia River Arstueoleglea® Society, en enateer ergentzstion

haved! 2a Kent

chee, Frox Lie auCumi of 1927 to the epring of 28, Condy
travelied extensive y ly the coreh comteus exeu of se ctate eketching
and photuyeastany nec eag!ynt aed vlélugeunh sites. Tse xeeuies of hie

oftucts were eompiied Sit 4 (val. manusertpt, " Peteogragtis of Korth

fenrea. Sustingten ", which Gosdy presented co the Masiungten Sate
Histories! Soetely a L998 (eee table 22, an aceition Lo thie manuscript,
on file at the Isuersral sactecy ltheary in Tacoma, {odd sketches,

notes, anil shatograplis sade by Gualy wece organized avd ehetu-eapied and
placed on the shell at

1s enstchee fulilig Tibyaey, the Inforsation that

Cundy co:lected lias graven to Se, for the mnse pert, quite aecurate én
both location information and éeptetion af th rock ant (Rig. 1).
the work of Haro“ Cundy vas Eollowed in 1945 ty the inveactgatdons

S, Tuomas Gain, Gain wae ae 2

ff tine A graceste student Zn Anthro

polegy at the Knlvees ty af Amtaeaa ang ns feawlod 10 hls (eld work hy
the Washington State Museum. Cata’s Manter'a thesis, bagod on the 1945
Fleld work, wax published fn 1950 hy the University of Kashington Press.
ho mil book, Zotrogiyphs of Contra’ dsshington, vemsine as the aole
publication dealing exclusively with Weahingeon vock avt (see Table 1),
More Cundy i1lustrated the rock axe at each efte with hant colozed
paintings of entire panels of figures, Catu ‘eolated each Flguce in his
Allustvations, not permitting the reader an ‘tes of the ancoclattons of
the figures to one another, Soma of Cain's {llustvattons aa! Location
tn:

vrustion have proven to be mich lesa accurate than those of Canty,
Field cree for the National Park Service doing River Beato uevey
work began in 1947 to document petragiyph and pictopraph sites that they
encountered in the various proposed reservoir areas. The actual sunbar of
aices Listed by these ctevs was omall, in regard co rock art. The none
noceworthy af the River Ragin Suxveys davestigatera sae Joba M. Camphell.,

‘whe documenced a aymber

ek art altes dn the Mrfest laplis and Kana
pus reservoty areay. Yost of Campbell's work took place 4n 1949 and 1950.
Compbetlta vork was greacly elaborated on from 1957-62 by field crews in
this area under the direction of fie, Robert Greengo of the University of
Washington. Greengo's crews nade hundreds

tracings of rack art that ¥

bo be dmundazed. Mapping, sketching, and photography of the sites in these
two reservoirs te to a

the moac complete done in any reservoir dn the
state prior to the lose of the eis

Algo dn 1937, Laat minute documentation of rock art was being done
4a The Dallas reservoir area. This work wae not being done by archaea
Loatats, but suprisingly, by axtiste. David Cole in 1953 and later, had
photographed 2 minber of the petraglvph and piatograph sites scheduled
for fuunlation after the construction of Tue Dalles Dan and had mapped
stee 45 KL U7. Cole was at chet time a graduate student in archaeology at
che University of Oregon vorsing under a Natfoual Park Service contract
Cole's information (Sole: 1956 and Cole & Hegrenes: 1953) was taken in
hand by Mark Hedden, Janes Hansen, James Haseltine, and others and used in
pare €o Locate rock art before extansive documentation.

One of these artists, Mark Redden, then a studant at the Tadverstey
of avsington, made rubbings of all the petroglyphs at they 45 Kb 26,
45 HL 72, 45 KL 87, 45 1G. 95, 45 KL 99, and 45 HL 103. Thts collection af

cubbings 1s currently stored at the Washlagton State Museua on the

This asterial has yet to be published.