An annotated index of plant diseases in Canada, and fungi recorded on plants in Alaska, Canada ...

392 Pages·2011·32.72 MB·English

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AN ANNOTATED INDEX
OF PLANT DISEASES
CANADA
IN
and fungi recorded on plants
in Alaska, Canada
and Greenland
L. Gonners
I.
Research Branch
CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Publication 1251 1967
©
Crown Copyrights reserved
Available by mail from the Queen's Printer, Ottawa,
and at the following Canadian Government bookshops:
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for reference in public libraries across Canada
Price $8.50 Catalogue No. A43-1251
Price subject to change without notice
Roger Duhamel, f.r.s.c.
Queen's Printer and Controllerof Stationery
Ottawa, Canada
1967
Introduction
The Annotated Index is a summary of the published, the records for that year appearing in
recorded occurrence of diseases of cultivated the summary prepared by Dr. F. L. Drayton for
plants in Canada and of the fungi reported on the years 192()-24, the record must be interpreted
plants, both wild and cultivated, in Canada, as applying to one or more years including 1924.
My
Alaska and Greenland. prime purpose is to However, this summary has frequentiy been cited
bring together the information published in the rather than the four earlier reports, because it
Canadian Plant Disease Survey and the Forest gives a useful summary of the observations on
Insect and Disease Survey for easy reference by the most common diseases for these five years.
host and by province or territory, and to assess As the annual reports of the Canadian Plant
the importance of the most serious diseases.
Disease Survey began with the year 1920, each
Reference is also made to contributions by Cana-
citation consists of only the year in this century
dian workers to our knowledge of these diseases
followed by a colon and the appropriate page of
and their etiological agents.
A serious attempt has been made to adopt the the report. For example, Cercospora zebrina re-
names that our current knowledge led me to ported on Trijolium hybridum in Manitoba in
1929 appears thus: on 5 Man 29:79. Reports of
believe to be correct. For example, Hughes [479]
the Forest Insect and Disease Survey, which were
has illustrated the true species of Helminthos-
poriiim. The only one that pathologists are likely first published in 1951, are distinguished from the
Plant Disease Survey by prefixing the letter F
ttohoesnpcooruinutmersoilsatnhieDsuirl.ver&sMcournft.o,rgfaonrimsemr,lyHeklnmoiwnn- before the year. To distinguish clearly Survey
as Spondylocladium atrovirem (Harz) Harz ex citations from those from other sources, the latter
are indicated by numbers in square brackets. For
Sacc. {Helminthosporium atrovirens (Harz)
Mason & Hughes [479]). The so-called gramini- ease of reference to Arthur's Manual [15] and
Fungi of Manitoba and Saskatchewan by Bisby
colous species of Helminthosporium, important
pathogens of cereals and grasses, have been et al. [93] the pages are also shown.
placed in the genera Drechslera Ito [992, 993] or It must be stressed that this Index, in common
Bipolaris Shoemaker [992]. In some groups, the with the other compilations, has certain distinct
development of new concepts and the process of limitations. The pathogen may have been misdeter-
revision are incomplete, as in the Thelephoraceae. mined or the host may have been misidentified.
The old names have usually been retained, but In some instances, especially where specimens
names under which the organisms may appear in have been cited, it has been possible to rectify
recent European literature are given in square errors. Except for the nematodes, the Annotated
brackets after the name adopted in the Index. Index provides a definite record of the diseases
These alternate names are given only once, where reported in the Canadian Plant Disease Survey
the fungus is mentioned for the first time in the up to 1959. The same is true of the annual
text. When the fungus is subsequently reported reports of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey.
on other hosts, reference is made to the original In most instances the earliest record for each
citation; e.g., on Abies there is listed Aleurodiscus province is given, but for some of the most com-
minnsiae Jackson [Laeticorticium m. (Jackson) mon diseases. Dr. Drayton's summary was cited
Donk] ; and when the fungus is reported on Pinus, in preference. In compiling the records from the
there appears at the end of the entry: "see Abies.'' literature, the Canadian Journal of Botany and
In the Polyporaceae, where the process of revision its predecessor, the Canadian Journal of Research,
is even less advanced, the traditional names found and Mycologia, vols. 28-47, were carefully re-
in North American literature have been used viewed. No such independent check was made of
except for a few segregate genera that have been Scientific Agriculture, Canadian Journal of Agri-
studied by Dr. Mildred K. Nobles and her cultural Science and Canadian Journal of Plant
colleagues. Here the traditional names appear in Science, or Phytopathology although many papers
synonymy. from these journals are cited. Nor was a careful
A number of conventions not found in standard search made in other sources because only scat-
works have been adopted to save space and to tered references to fungi not treated in the sum-
facilitate ease of reference. The period has been maries already cited would be encountered. The
omitted from the abbreviations of the names of main exception was the inclusion of papers
provinces and territories of Canada and of the on arctic fungi published by Rostrup and Lind.
states of the U.S.A. The annual reports of the No rigorous scrutiny of the English common
Canadian Plant Disease Survey are referred to by names of the various plant diseases was attempted.
the year covered by the respective report, rather They are usually those to be found in the Survey.
than the year they were published. However, in The French names were obtained principally
1960, when the Survey became a quarterly, from "Noms frangais des maladies des plantes au
reference could only be made to the year of Canada (avec equivalents anglais)." This valuable
publication. As no separate report for 1924 was list [4a] was prepared by a nomenclature com-
1
mittee of the Quebec Society for the Protection of partial evils [rust in wheat, etc.] are, howwthheeny
Pimwmfe[nilaaac2rarssSro3nttie1tynhvzs]opefe,ermiordvefilMapeapclrrspta.teyhlnrpeepaoeDfaalntdoarartaorsnvebbt,btiddlsysyiedes1ryeasLD9vieauren2aas.bmrt0"eslim-sCC.oo2aFahnn4.rfnesTd.oiac,hreLdki.esCacntr,ohhDool"emtairwnhmsvaeltweiewyylhtthlooStboipflueenrcaeree,ehnvndvsdeoiiwefypsgocheuiuLraCbvosafeselatovesiaranssssrlauuyhlttd.mmeehoha-d-eefe dbaccpfu1irprooan8rponorrs5apsutae5l.esggc]al"cihro.inunatgnktnp[FngiJohiri.v,uznmeovnetTtimiocdrsstoeaeianitidacsnassocst.nbooeeiCsnyovnmaiBnitpndidMdeaena.oenrwrdncnaCahateAtttai,gaiicnftroivuhhaf.negraodnttraUhhewietpaFinrrhsipteseanhreiavgglrfca1nuootagi8nrshsCfe4egouiad5acntnialahonawnvceucadoiotre^srnhaustegplieaao1snscnt:uaaoia3eynmnst9sedde.om,t
dtLB[ia.r9sn3utt1nrEsi.rbw"euigTtWciihekooen,hnamfloueNfnsyogueeivmaraomcfahr[MS1idac1ieno3sstie8ita]aaos,rebeaa:"bnTaydGnh.dperPRSonf.avnusmnckBcgeaieist.bcoEyhIfdemewwpNtaaoenrravjd-j.; "misanTyabvtlsheiytesserftreaiaycgstasiotasuri,tmyoteneurdnneh,dsdaiuovlnuhtegbsat.sht"eihditLsblhayeetdr,eietnsobaelfapiasvrgieeheltsrea,deynniidttgnmrapefalarlrytooadmbtduetecegiOrmrnnepegtateassaronionayf-ot
IO"gua[[snsrr11Alteae40afasa43nucrss]7dleih,"]soeo;"'.cf"iCk"nJAhIC.B.elrAhicicsleAUttkha.ciresoseklckfhidPakslmtA.aiCasl"rhootlasmfletosWeusfpkl.m"olaetbf;anehiJnetoapEfln"[udddae;8niiins2gststie8hea"a]a[nr;s,ps5udeKeu3ssa.st5b"nAs]ohTod.CfshfiapheRncMutsee.hb.hrdCefleaSuianpcnB[ls"aorgs1hrPaida7elosaag5datw]n.uona,nedfatl etodPtpuaeearrhrnnsemsogodktptvagrnceiwnruhrnroaiacaocarwstmspetdim.nsuvtmreedfhuveOeaoeesrprnnartfeeldmonmsbraotodicenhsnsnoeilctyatpeycssrltoeoy1roadttevas8lheaeere4ervcrle5rsBteyly.ryeliidoohBytnrnpaieebemsntacyaeshdhracune,uihatCtsien,PaonedlrblaaalttuitedteehrhmhpeeieberiqeabiudlidlaaePaMnii,ttmrfagseaeoiherlvctawiblsislhtpnepiaweircgrnamraheoideestyss-
Toms' [1087a] has recently
diseases of southern British Columbia, a host portions.
index." Finally, W. G. ZiUer has permitted me Bunt or stinking smut was the most important
to use his mimeographCeodlulimsbtsia[11d9e8p,os1i1t9e9d,i1n20t3h]e dpirsoedauscetioofnwhreapaitdly[51i1n]crweahseend, ianfteMran18i8t0o,bawhaenadt
of fungi of British
herbarium of the Forest Biology Laboratory, the adjacent prairies further west. Losses reached
Victoria, B.C., as weU as some typewritten notes a peak about 1891, but fortunately seed treatment
for the control of bunt was introduced and the
[12A0s7]t.he chief compiler and editor of the annual practice spread rapidly. Nevertheless, bunt was
reports of the Survey from 1929 to 1956, I have not eliminated although the losses never again
been continually unpressed by the dynamic, if not reached the high levels of those in the preceding
dramatic, changes in the predominant pathogens. century. With the introduction of Marquis and
Not only do fluctuations in temperature and rain- later^cultivars that possessed considerable resis-
fpaaltlhoignfelnuse,ncbeutthsehifstesasionnatlhepcruelsteinvacres oafndimcphoarntgaenst tPaanrcteoftothbiusntd,ecllionsesesmahyavbee ddeucelitnoedthsetilslofmuerwthheart.
in agricultural practice bring about profound later date at which the crop is sown as mechani-
wbcyrehhaoaeIrunrnsgge,heatnsvreaieuswnltnatdpthiaeaevrtreehdlaioycssgueevlaointsfrisegviaatsntrhiieteocunoacatuoirnnooattnnbirl.lnyyeuasillunlacynhtdmhaaehskailvCaneasgtnabtd1heea5ei,0nr zAbccaoaoltnrvHtitleeohrernoayoelvudhwly^eaesdsrmleotupssretasmerleaumsosttoifitnfrtgbireaenocrdtomiheorreyadas,tepmsdisutdehtaeaessdnsioedenwafwisreiilnmctnyugthitaosossnffocom1itore8nhnm9etao4imlacnetdr[usaoe5epsh1d.auy1nrd]tde.eo
AbdalcpeipcmOgeoihnarcterdoaiifnonncfpgeote.thataesottoee,HarrenclaaileNusdsoterddt[eh4bs3yt1Ar]Pumchetyrlitaivtoecepahdbitlsihineogarhs1tae8s4iwn5waj.aessstTaelhnpaasitt.-e cscsumamluuuttsti-evradelresoscislssiatnraoeenfdt.cgcrTruooolpwdt.inavOyanrasillnmyooMfswatinotiahettxsoctlhbhueaasiviwvnehetelrlyrooedsussrcmeetsusitiofsnrthaoaonmsft
now known disappeared from oats.
the epidemic was severe in the area Sometimes a disease of considerable impor-
IamopMpOAOasnoclgncrodtcarttd.rOaniu.r.tencttrehGtueoss2eAaldaes2rtt.o,sr,trJu"rihetrobioo1thsaThby8tellshni4eesere6fsn6oriAs0etCtrvso.v0r.siestybi,ndioM:sda:CncTeerMnlionr.r"naa"tvr.1putraoHB5riafktneaSoolirtracpnNooordovomnoem,itrysevtfatteto.rAciwtar3yodohein0nn1arnadU0t(8segpmeu4aaptmn5lmonoonF.ppefansdeuortodtbrrGtyheelg9arhiCeviu0reenaessnay0Pgnrhoetryaenaqsboadd,ruouvlsfauasioaBirns,hntMnnacstechSnetliiehosehstoa)si.nr,,fyles ctATDa3pt"lah1hrwoAna-soehsgtc5amieOeomifcotiMprnhmrdhAleeseatlsenye8ettws6xmiheopn2nbalofreef,lomuecteanpwgsicgnilh,ttmcnc"heeerteaodniateentirnsmtsthoidaw"heddwitaaaaemwhhntsdnreaeysoacruatbrafntsclhedpwmoyeceoberferorturrrreeneeswtodsctshoemetopldbemrhoolAodtanfy-rerodvkrmbnnweeaneseintoctnttttrwartehhoehneuoneanmrasntnadiedgpirow,casnkhnoucteeafolkhaBwabtmesoCatileestst,s..ed,,es
bearing healthy heads," the pathogen was identi- 1891, when rust was first reported, up to the
fied as T. caries. Potter and Coons [858a] had severe rust epidemic in 1916, when some 100
reported the occurrence of a high and low smut million bushels of wheat were destroyed, and on
in fields of winter wheat in Kent Co., Michigan, to the present time. The epidemic in 1916 pro-
in July 1917, and drew attention to an earlier vided "a |X)werful stimulus for action against
report of low smut by Harwood [420a]. However, rust." Continued losses between 1916 and 1924
these authors considered the causal organism of further stimulated action until a fully compre-
low smut to be T. tritici (T. caries). Without field hensive program of research was initiated. By the
experience, it was difficult to appreciate how development of rust-resistant cultivars the wheat
this bunt in winter wheat differed from the bunt growers of Manitoba and Saskatchewan have
that I had seen in spring wheat caused by T. been protected for protracted periods from the
caries. Dwarf bunt of winter wheat continued to worst ravages of rust. The first relatively rust-
be confused with common bunt caused by T. caries free period lasted from 1939 until 1949, when
until Young [1192a] reported in 1945 from race 15-B of stem rust appeared and resulted in
Montana the occurrence of a new variety of T. a severe rust epidemic in 1954. Since 1955 culti-
tritici (T. caries) characterized by nearly all the vars resistant to race 15-B have been available.
bunted heads being borne on extremely dwarfed Some excellent rust-resistant cultivars of oats
stems. In 1945, Tyler [1093a] announced the were also developed; unfortunately when they
finding of dwarf bunt in western New York State. were grown in close proximity to barberries in
As one of the most popular cultivars of winter Eastern Canada, they rapidly became rusted by
wheat in southern Ontario at this period was previously unrecognized races of stem rust. Just
Cornell 595, it seemed probable that the disease as man has, over the years, modified plants and
was also present in this province. However, it animals by hybridization and selection, so
was not until 1952 that dwarf bunt was finally "through his modifications of the host plants of
reco^ized in Ontario. In that year Fischer [291a] cereal rusts, man is also modifying the rusts."
described the dwarf bunt organism as a distinct [512].
species, Tilletia brevijaciens. He showed that, The introduction of new raspberry cultivars has
unlike T. caries and T. foetida, the spores of provided some of the most unexpected changes
T. brevijaciens are surrounded by a gelatinous in the relative importance of specific pathogens.
sheath, which is best demonstrated in mounts of For instance, Pucciniastrum americanum, the late
spores in Shear's fluid. yellow rust, was known from a few collections on
In 1954, I [199] showed that T. brevijaciens wild Riibus. With the introduction of Viking red
was morphologically not distinct from T. contro- raspberry into commercial production this rust
versa described by Kiihn on Agropyron repens in became of economic importance in raspberry
1874. In fact Liro [609, p. 351] presents evidence plantings, especially in the Maritime Provinces,
that the organism was known in 1794. After where white spruce, the alternate host, is used
observing dwarf bunt in the field in 1953 and extensively in windbreaks. When Viking was
1954, it seemed desirable to determine whether introduced into such plantings not only was it
or not any early collections of this bunt on wheat severely rusted but other cultivars in the planting
might have been preserved in various herbaria also became moderately rusted. Sphaerotheca
under the names of T. caries or T. tritici, espe- macularis, the cause of powdery mildew of rasp-
cially as the description of the field occurrence of berry, is not uncommon on many raspberry
low smut in Michigan given by Enos Holmes to cultivars, but when Latham became popular be-
Harwood [420a] agreed closely with my observa- cause of its winter hardiness, it proved very
tions in Ontario. As a result of my search, samples susceptible to powdery mildew.
of dwarf bunt were found, collected in 1892 in Of the various causes of diseases in plants the
Michigan, in 1917 in Indiana, and about 1860 in fungi were the first to be recognized as plant
Herkimer Co., New York State. Fischer and pathogens. About a century ago de Bary estab-
Duran [292a] have summarized these early lished the fungus nature of the smuts and rusts.
records. The earliest specimen of dwarf bunt in Early in the century bacterial plant pathogens
wheat that they uncovered was collected in 1847 were successfully demonstrated by Erwin F.
in Czechoslovakia. Thus, dwarf bunt of winter Smith. When the Survey began in 1920, the virus
wheat, which was recognized to be caused by a nature of many important diseases of plants was
distinct organism in 1952, had remained un- being established and physiologic disorders
recognized for over a century. Today it is known caused by deficiency of minor elements were still
that dwarf bunt may occur on many cereals and largely unknown.
grasses, particularly in the tribe Hordeae. Probably on account of their economic impor-
The cereal rusts and their history, especially in tance, the first virus diseases to attract attention
Western Canada, are too well known to require in Canada were peach yellows and little peach.
more than brief mention. Johnson [571] has The first recorded epidemic of peach yellows
summarized this history in Western Canada from occurred in the Niagara Peninsula from 1878 to
1884 and both yellows and little peach from priate foliar sprays. Brown heart or water core,
1908 to 1913. Erwin F. Smith showed that particularly in swede turnip or rutabaga, has been
yellows was readily transmitted by budding and corrected either by soil applications of boron or,
that diseased trees were a menace to healthy trees where the soil has a high lime content, by foliar
in the same orchard. Losses were reduced by sprays [660a].
systematic inspection and prompt removal of The list of physiologic disorders is extensive,
affected trees. However, it was not until 1933 but a few additional examples must suffice. Gray
that Kunkel [574b] demonstrated that the plum speck of oats, caused by a lack of available
leafhopper, Macropsis trimaculata, was the vector. manganese, is an important disease in widely
Periodic epidemics continued until 1942 and since scattered areas in several provinces. Lack of
then these diseases have been rarely reported. magnesium in oats was a problem in N.B. until
Their rarity in the last two decades is not entirely measures were taken to correct the condition.
unexpected as the insect vector has not been re- One of the most spectacular physiological diseases
ported in recent years, probably because the is whiptail in cauliflower, a crop very sensitive to
modem insecticides used in the spray program are molybdenum deficiency.
effective against leafhoppers. In the meantime, Deficiency or imbalance of the nutrient ele-
attention has been focused at St. Catharines, Ont., ments in the soil may predispose a crop to attack
and Summerland, B.C., on other virus diseases by pathogenic organisms. The outstanding ex-
affecting fruit trees. ample is browning root rot of wheat, caused by
The importance of virus diseases of potatoes Pythium species, which was destructive in the
was realized early in the century. Murphy [557] 1930's until it was demonstrated that the disease
did excellent pioneer work in the Maritime could be corrected by phosphatic fertilizers
Provinces, where a start was made in recognizing [1102, 1105].
these diseases, in studying their spread and in Increasingly, nematodes have come to be
determining means of reducing their incidence.
recognized as important plant pathogens. Meloido-
In recent years these studies have been concen- gyne hapla is the most common species in Canada
trated at Fredericton, N.B., with limited studies
associated with root-knot in plants. Also, the
at Vancouver on potato virus diseases peculiar to
root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was
British Columbia. MacLeod [661] has published
found to be the primary cause of the failure of
a useful summary of the potato mosaic and streak
young peach trees to become established in old
virus diseases. peach-tree sites. On the other hand, the presence
Mosaic and leaf roll were newly introduced of this nematode in the roots of eggplant had
diseases of raspberry when the Survey began in
little adverse effect on the growth of the plant.
1920. Virus diseases of Rubus were first studied However, when Verticillium dahliae, a parasite
at St. Catharines, Ont., and later in depth at to which eggplant is very susceptible, was intro-
Vancouver, B.C. [1048]. The virus diseases of duced into nematode-infested soil, wilt was more
strawberry have also been studied intensively in A
severe than usual. root-rot condition in straw-
British Columbia [725]. berry known as black root appears to be caused
The virus diseases of cereals were the last by a variety of fungi, but recent work suggests
group to command attention. Wheat streak mosaic that P. penetrans may be an important parasite
was recognized to occur in Canada in 1952 and in the root-rot complex [1088].
Slykhuis [1017] found that the virus was trans- I am indebted to the late Dr. K. W. Neatby,
mitted by the mite Aceria tulipae. Although former Director of Science Service, Canada
barley stripe mosaic was first recognized as a Department of Agriculture, who approved the
distinct disease (false stripe) in 1924 in Mani- undertaking of this compilation. The Index was
toba, it was 1952 before Hagborg [397] presented enlarged to cover fungi of forest trees at the
evidence of its virus nature. urging of Dr. V. J. Nordin, Program Co-ordinator
Some of the most serious physiologic disorders
(Pathology), Canada Department of Forestry.
are due to the lack of boron. Drought spot and
Dr. C. Frankton and his colleagues gave valuable
corky core were already causing severe economic
advice and guidance in the usage of the scientific
losses to the apple crop in the B.C. interior by names of the hosts and Dr. B. Boivin provided
1922. The cause remained undetermined until many of the French names in common use in
Atkinson [21] in New Zealand demonstrated that Canada. I am also indebted to Dr. Luella K.
it was caused by a deficiency of boron. In 1936 Weresub for advice on scientific names in current
it was found that treating the soil with small use in the Thelephoraceae and to Dr. Mildred K.
amounts of boron rapidly corrected the deficiency
Nobles on those of the Polyporaceae.
with a consequent improvement in apple produc-
tion. Lack of iron, magnesium, manganese and I. L. CONNERS
zinc have also been found in the B.C. interior; Canada Department of Agriculture
the lack of these elements in apple and other Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
fruit trees has largely been corrected by appro- May 14, 1965