An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska

305 Pages·2017·2.18 MB·English

NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19
An annotated checklist of the marine
macroinvertebrates of Alaska
David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov
Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth
Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch
November 2016
U.S. Department NOAA Professional
of Commerce
Penny Pritzker
Papers NMFS
Secretary of Commerce
National Oceanic
and Atmospheric
Administration
Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor*
Administrator Richard Langton
National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service
Northeast Fisheries Science Center
Fisheries Service
Maine Field Station
Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1
Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473
for Fisheries
Associate Editor
Kathryn Dennis
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Science and Technology
Economics and Social Analysis Division
1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178
Honolulu, Hawaii 96818
Managing Editor
Shelley Arenas
National Marine Fisheries Service
Scientific Publications Office
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, Washington 98115
Editorial Committee
Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service
James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service
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(ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub-
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*Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the
fice, National Marine Fisheries Service,
scientific editing and preparation of this report.
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NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19
An annotated checklist of the
marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska
David T. Drumm
Katherine P. Maslenikov
Robert Van Syoc
James W. Orr
Robert R. Lauth
Duane E. Stevenson
Theodore W. Pietsch
November 2016
U.S. Department of Commerce
Seattle, Washington
Cover figure
(top left to bottom right): Halichondria oblonga (Porifera); Cheilonereis cyclurus
(Polychaeta); Tonicella insignis (Polyplacophora); Neptunea lyrata (Gastropoda);
Pandalus tridens (Decapoda: Caridea); Oregonia gracilis (Decapoda: Brachyura);
brachiopod unidentified (Brachiopoda); Pagurus ochotensis (Decapoda: Anomura);
Ophiura sarsii (Ophiuroidea); Pteraster octaster (Asteroidea).
Suggested reference
Drumm, David T., Katherine P. Maslenikov, Robert Van Syoc, James W. Orr, Rob-
ert R. Lauth, Duane E. Stevenson, and Theodore W. Pietsch. 2016. An annotated
checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska. NOAA Professional Paper
NMFS 19, 289 p. doi:10.7755/PP.19
Online dissemination
This report is posted online in PDF format at http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov (click on
Professional Papers link).
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Although the contents of the Professional Papers have not been copyrighted and
may be reprinted entirely, reference to source is appreciated.
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endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publi-
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publication.
Disclaimer
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA).
CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................1 Order Astrophorida ........................................16
Methods ......................................................................2 Family Ancorinidae ...................................16
Data sources ................................................................3 Family Geodiidae ......................................17
Marine geography of Alaska .......................................4 Family Vulcanellidae .................................17
Current status and future directions ............................7 Order Clionaida .............................................17
Checklist ...................................................................12 Family Clionaidae .....................................17
Phylum Porifera—The Sponges .................................12 Order Polymastiida ........................................17
Class Calcarea ......................................................12 Family Polymastiidae ................................17
Subclass Calcaronea ...........................................12 Order Tethyida ...............................................18
Order Baerida .................................................12 Family Tethyidae ......................................18
Family Baeriidae .......................................12 Order Suberitida .............................................18
Order Leucosolenida ......................................12 Family Suberitidae ....................................18
Family Amphoriscidae ..............................12 Family Halichondriidae ............................18
Family Grantiidae .....................................12 Family Stylocordylidae .............................19
Family Leucosoleniidae .............................13 Order Haplosclerida .......................................19
Family Sycettidae ......................................13 Family Callyspongiidae .............................19
Subclass Calcinea ................................................13 Family Chalinidae .....................................19
Order Clathrinidae .........................................13 Family Niphatidae ....................................20
Family Clathrinidae ..................................13 Family Petrosiidae ....................................20
Class Hexactinellida .............................................13 Order Poecilosclerida .....................................21
Subclass Amphidiscophora ................................13 Family Acarnidae ......................................21
Order Amphidiscosida ....................................13 Family Microcionidae ...............................21
Family Hyalonematidae ............................13 Family Coelosphaeridae ............................22
Subclass Hexasterophora ....................................13 Family Crambeidae ...................................23
Order Hexactinosida ......................................13 Family Crellidae .......................................23
Family Farreidae .......................................13 Family Hymedesmiidae .............................23
Family Euretidae .......................................13 Family Iotrochotidae ................................23
Family Aphrocallistidae ............................14 Family Myxillidae .....................................23
Family Tretodictyidae ...............................14 Family Phellodermidae .............................24
Order Lyssacinosida .......................................14 Family Tedaniidae .....................................24
Family Euplectellidae ................................14 Family Cladorhizidae ................................24
Family Rossellidae ....................................14 Family Guitarridae ...................................24
Class Homoscleromorpha .....................................16 Family Esperiopsidae ................................25
Order Homosclermorphida ............................16 Family Mycalidae .....................................25
Family Plakinidae .....................................16 Family Isodictyidae ...................................26
Class Demospongiae .............................................16 Family Latrunculiidae ...............................26
Subclass Keratosa ...............................................16 Order Axinellida ............................................26
Order Dendroceratida ....................................16 Family Axinellidae ....................................26
Family Darwinellidae ................................16 Family Raspaillidae ..................................26
Order Dictyoceratida ......................................16 Order Bubarida ..............................................26
Family Dysideidae ....................................16 Family Bubaridae ......................................26
Subclass Heteroscleromorpha .............................16 Order Biemnida ..............................................26
Order Tetractinellida ......................................16 Family Biemnidae .....................................26
Suborder Spirophorina .................................16 Phylum Cnidaria .......................................................27
Family Tetillidae .......................................16 Class Hydrozoa—The Hydroids, Hydrocorals,
Order Merliida ...............................................16 and Siphonophores ..............................27
Family Hamacanthidae .............................16 Order Anthoathecata ......................................27
Order Agelasida..............................................16 Suborder Capitata ........................................27
Family Hymerhabdiidae ...........................16 Family Candelabridae ...............................27
iv Professional Paper NMFS 19
Family Corymorphidae .............................27 Family Agalmatidae ..................................40
Family Corynidae .....................................27 Family Physophoridae ..............................40
Family Polyorchidae .................................28 Class Anthozoa—Hard Corals, Soft Corals,
Family Porpitidae .....................................28 Black Corals, Sea Fans, Sea Pens,
Family Protohydridae ...............................28 and Sea Anemones ...............................40
Family Tubulariidae ..................................28 Subclass Octocorallia ..........................................41
Suborder Filifera ..........................................29 Order Alcyonacea (soft corals, sea fans
Family Bougainvilliidae ............................29 and sea whips, and stoloniferans) ........41
Family Bythotiaridae ................................29 Suborder Stolonifera ...................................41
Family Eudendriidae .................................30 Family Clavulariidae ................................41
Family Pandeidae ......................................30 Suborder Alcyoniina (soft corals) .................41
Family Proboscidactylidae ........................31 Family Alcyoniidae ...................................41
Family Rathkeidae ....................................31 Family Nidaliidae .....................................42
Family Stylasteridae (hydrocorals) ............31 Family Nephtheidae ..................................42
Family incertae sedis .................................33 Suborder Scleraxonia ...................................42
Order Leptothecata ........................................33 Family Anthothelidae ................................42
Suborder Conica ..........................................33 Family Coralliidae ....................................42
Family Aequoreidae ..................................33 Family Paragorgiidae ................................42
Family Aglaopheniidae .............................33 Suborder Holaxonia .....................................42
Family Campanulinidae ............................33 Family Acanthogorgiidae ..........................42
Family Eirenidae .......................................33 Family Plexauridae ...................................42
Family Halecidae ......................................33 Family Primnoidae ....................................43
Family Halopterididae ..............................34 Suborder Calcaxonia ....................................44
Family Lafoeidae ......................................34 Family Isididae (bamboo corals) ...............44
Family Laodiceidae ...................................34 Order Pennatulacea (sea pens and
Family Melicertidae ..................................35 sea pansies) .........................................44
Family Mitrocomidae ...............................35 Suborder Subsessiliflorae ..............................44
Family Plumulariidae ................................35 Family Halipteridae ..................................44
Family Sertulariidae ..................................35 Family Pennatulidae .................................45
Family Tiarannidae ...................................37 Family Virgulariidae .................................45
Family Tiaropsidae ...................................37 Suborder Sessiliflorae ...................................45
Suborder Proboscoidea .................................38 Family Anthoptilidae ................................45
Family Bonneviellidae ...............................38 Family Umbellulidae .................................45
Family Campanulariidae ...........................38 Family Veretillidae ....................................45
Order Limnomedusae .....................................39 Subclass Ceriantipatharia ...................................45
Family Monobrachiidae ............................39 Order Antipatharia (black corals) ...................45
Family Olindiasidae ..................................39 Family Cladopathidae ...............................45
Order Narcomedusae .....................................39 Family Schizopathidae ..............................45
Family Aeginidae ......................................39 Subclass Hexacorallia (sea anemones
Family Cuninidae .....................................39 and true corals) ....................................45
Order Trachymedusae ....................................39 Order Actiniaria (sea anemones).....................45
Family Halicreatidae .................................39 Suborder Nynanthae ....................................45
Family Ptychogastriidae ............................39 Infraorder Athenaria ....................................45
Family Rhopalonematidae .......................39 Family Edwardsiidae ................................45
Order Siphonophorae ....................................40 Family Halcampoididae ............................46
Suborder Calycophorae ...............................40 Family Haloclavidae ................................46
Family Clausophyidae ..............................40 Family Diadumenidae ...............................46
Family Diphyidae ....................................40 Family Hormathiidae ...............................46
Family Prayidae .......................................40 Family Metridiidae ...................................47
Suborder Physonectae ..................................40 No Rank Endomyaria ....................................47
Contents v
Family Actiniidae ......................................47 Phylum Platyhelminthes—The Free-living
Family Condylanthidae ............................49 Flatworms ...........................................53
Family Liponematidae .............................49 Class Turbellaria ...................................................53
Family Minyadidae ...................................49 Order Polycladida ..........................................53
Family Ptychodactinidae ..........................49 Suborder Acotylea ........................................53
No Rank Mesomyaria ....................................50 Superfamily Stylochoidea ...........................53
Family Actinoscyphiidae ..........................50 Family Callioplanidae ...............................53
Family Actinostolidae ..............................50 Superfamily Leptoplanoidea .......................53
Order Ceriantharia .........................................50 Family Notoplanidae ................................53
Suborder Spirularia ......................................50 Family Pleioplanidae .................................53
Family Cerianthidae .................................50 Suborder Cotylea .........................................53
Superfamily Euryleptoidea .........................53
Order Corallimorpharia ................................50
Family Euryleptidae ..................................53
Family Corallimorphidae .........................50
Order Tricladida .............................................53
Order Zoanthidea .........................................50
Suborder Maricola .......................................53
No Rank Macrocnemina ................................50
Family Nexilidae ......................................53
Family Epizoanthidae ...............................50
Family Nesionidae ....................................53
Order Scleractinia (hard corals) .....................51
Phylum Nemertea—The Ribbon Worms ...................53
Suborder Caryophylliina ..............................51
Class Anopla .........................................................54
Superfamily Caryophyllioidea ....................51
Order Palaeonemertea ....................................54
Family Caryophylliidae .............................51
Family Cephalothricidae ...........................54
Superfamily Flabelloidae ............................51
Family Tubulanidae ..................................54
Family Flabellidae .....................................51
Order Heteronemertea ...................................54
Suborder Dendrophylliina ............................51
Family Lineidae ........................................54
Family Dendrophylliidae ..........................51
Family Valenciniidae .................................55
Class Staurozoa ....................................................51
Class Enopla .........................................................55
Order Stauromedusae .....................................51
Order Hoplonemertea ....................................55
Suborder Eleutherocarpida ...........................51
Suborder Monostilifera ................................55
Family Lucernariidae ...............................51
Family Carcinonemertidae .......................55
Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfishes) ..........................51
Family Emplectonematidae .......................56
Order Coronatae ............................................51
Family Amphiporidae ...............................56
Family Atollidae .......................................51
Family Cratenemertidae ............................57
Family Periphyllidae .................................51
Family Tetrastemmatidae ..........................57
Subclass Discomedusae .......................................52
Order Polystilifera ..........................................57
Order Semaeostomeae ....................................52
Suborder Pelagica .........................................57
Family Cyaneidae .....................................52
Family Pelagonemertidae ..........................57
Family Pelagiidae ......................................52
Family Protopelagonemertidae .................57
Family Ulmaridae .....................................52
Phylum Entoprocta—The Entropocts or
Phylum Ctenophora—The Comb Jellies and Sea
Kamptozoans .......................................57
Gooseberries ........................................52 Family Pedicellinidae ................................57
Class Tentaculata ..................................................52 Phylum Priapulida—The Penis Worms ......................57
Order Cydippida ............................................52 Family Priapulidae ....................................58
Family Dryodoridae ..................................52 Phylum Annelida .......................................................58
Family Mertensiidae .................................52 Class Polychaeta—The Bristle Worms ...................58
Family Pleurobrachiidae ...........................52 Clade Scolecida ..............................................58
Order Lobata .................................................53 Family Capitellidae ..................................58
Family Bolinopsidae .................................53 Family Arenicolidae ..................................58
Class Nuda ...........................................................53 Family Maldanidae (bamboo worms) .......59
Order Beroida ................................................53 Family Cossuridae ....................................60
Family Beroidae ........................................53 Family Orbiniidae ....................................60
vi Professional Paper NMFS 19
Family Paraonidae ....................................60 Family Sabellariidae ..................................80
Family Opheliidae ....................................61 Family Sabellidae ......................................80
Family Scalibregmidae .............................61 Family Serpulidae .....................................82
Clades Palpata, Aciculata, Phyllodocida, Family Siboglinidae (beard worms) ...........83
Aphroditiformia, and Aphroditoidea ...61 Class Clitellata ......................................................83
Family Aphroditidae .................................61 Subclass Hirudinea—The Leeches .......................83
Family Polynoidae (scale worms) ............. 62 Order Rhynchobdellida ..................................83
Family Pholoidae ......................................64 Family Piscicolidae ...................................83
Family Sigalionidae ...................................65 Phylum Echiura—The Spoon Worms ........................84
Clade Nereidiformia .......................................65 Order Echiuroinea ..........................................84
Family Chrysopetalidae ............................65 Family Bonelliidae ....................................84
Family Hesionidae ....................................65 Family Echiuridae .....................................85
Family Nereidae .......................................65 Phylum Sipuncula—The Peanut Worms ....................85
Family Pilargiidae .....................................66 Family Golfi ngiidae ..................................85
Family Syllidae .........................................66 Family Phascolosomatidae ........................86
Phyllodocida unplaced ....................................68 Phylum Mollusca ......................................................86
Family Phyllodocidae ................................68 Class Aplacophora—The Aplacophora .................86
Family Nephtyidae ...................................69 Subclass Neomeniomorpha ................................87
Family Sphaerodoridae .............................70 Family Dondersiidae ................................87
Family Tomopteridae ................................70 Family Neomeniidae .................................87
Clade Glyceriformia .......................................70 Subclass Chaetodermomorpha ............................87
Family Glyceridae .....................................70 Family Chaetodermatidae .........................87
Family Goniadidae ...................................70 Family Limifossoridae ..............................87
Clade Amphinomida.......................................71 Family Prochaetodermatidae ...................87
Family Euphrosinidae ...............................71 Class Polyplacophora—The Chitons .....................87
Clade Eunicida ...............................................71 Order Lepidopleurida .....................................88
Family Dorvilleidae ..................................71 Suborder Lepidopleurina ..............................88
Family Eunicidae ......................................71 Family Leptochitonidae ............................88
Family Lumbrineridae ..............................71 Order Chitonida .............................................88
Family Oenonidae ....................................72 Suborder Chitonina ......................................88
Family Onuphidae ....................................72 Superfamily Chitonoidea ............................88
Aciculata unplaced .........................................73 Family Ischnochitonidae ...........................88
Clades Canalipalpata and Spionida ................73 Suborder Acanthochitonina ..........................89
Family Apistobranchidae ..........................73 Superfamily Mopalioidea ...........................89
Family Spionidae ......................................73 Family Tonicellidae ...................................89
Family Magelonidae .................................74 (cid:1)Subfamily Tonicellinae.............................89
Family Chaetopteridae ..............................74 (cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:71)(cid:66)(cid:78)(cid:74)(cid:77)(cid:90)(cid:1)Juvenichitoninae ......................90
Family Trochochaetidae ...........................74 Family Schizoplacidae ...............................91
Clades Terebellida and Cirratuliformia ...........74 Family Mopaliidae ...................................91
Family Cirratulidae ..................................74 Class Gastropoda—The Snails and Slugs ..............93
Family Acrocirridae .................................75 Clade Patellogastropoda .................................93
Family Flabelligeridae ..............................75 Superfamily Lottiodea ................................93
Family Sternaspidae ..................................76 Family Acmaeidae .....................................93
Clade Terebelliformia ....................................76 Family Lottiidae .......................................93
Family Ampharetidae ...............................76 Family Lepetidae ......................................94
Family Pectinariidae .................................77 Clade Vetigastropoda .....................................95
Family Terebellidae ...................................78 Superfamily Scissurelloidea ........................95
Family Trichobranchidae ..........................79 Family Scissurellidae ................................95
Clade Sabellida ...............................................79 Superfamily Haliotoidea ...........................95
Family Oweniidae .....................................79 Family Haliotidae .....................................95
viii Professional Paper NMFS 19
Family Limapontiidae .............................130 Class Bivalvia—The Clams, Cockles, Rock
Family Hermaeidae .................................130 Jingles, and Scallops...........................135
Clade Nudipleura .........................................130 Subclass Protobranchia .....................................136
Subclade Pleurobranchomorpha .................130 Superfamily Solemyoidea .........................136
Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea ................130 Family Solemyidae ..................................136
Family Pleurobranchidae ........................130 Superfamily Nuculoidea ...........................136
Subclade Nudibranchia ..............................130 Family Nuculidae ...................................136
Clade Euctenidiacea .....................................130 Superfamily Pristiglomoidea .....................136
Subclade Doridacea ....................................130 Family Pristiglomidae .............................136
Superfamily Doridoidea ...........................130 Superfamily Nuculanoidea .......................136
Family Dorididae ....................................130 Family Nuculanidae ................................136
Family Chromodorididae ........................130 Family Malletiidae ..................................137
Family Discodorididae ............................130 Family Neilonellidae ...............................137
Family Akiodorididae .............................131 Family Yoldiidae .....................................137
Superfamily Onchidoridoidea ..................131 Subclass Pteriomorpha ......................................139
Family Onchidorididae ...........................131 Superfamily Arcoidea ...............................139
Family Goniodorididae ...........................132 Family Arcidae ........................................139
Superfamily Polyceroidea .........................132 Superfamily Glycymeridoidea ..................139
Family Polyceridae ..................................132 Family Glycymerididae ...........................139
Family Aegiretidae ..................................132 Superfamily Limopsoidea .........................139
Clades Dexiarchia and Cladobranchia ..........132 Family Limopsidae .................................139
Subclade Dendronotida ..............................132 Superfamily Philobryoidea .......................139
Superfamily Tritonioidea ..........................132 Family Philobryidae ................................139
Family Tritoniidae ..................................132 Superfamily Mytiloidea ............................139
Family Dendronotidae ............................133 Family Mytilidae ....................................139
Family Tethydidae ..................................133 Superfamily Limoidea ..............................141
Superfamily unassigned ............................133 Family Limidae .......................................141
Family Dotidae .......................................133 Superfamily Ostreoidea ............................141
Family Dironidae ....................................133 Family Ostreidae ....................................141
Family Proctonotidae ..............................134 Superfamily Pectinoidea ...........................141
Subclade Euarminida ..................................134 Family Pectinidae ....................................141
Superfamily Arminoidea ...........................134 Family Propeamussidae ..........................142
Family Arminidae ...................................134 Superfamily Anomioidea ..........................143
Subclade Aeolidida .....................................134 Family Anomiidae ...................................143
Superfamily Flabellinoidea .......................134 Subclass Heterodonta .......................................143
Family Flabellinidae ................................134 Superfamily Lucinoidea ............................143
Superfamily Fionoidea .............................134 Family Lucinidae ....................................143
Family Eubranchidae ..............................134 Family Ungulinidae .................................143
Family Tergipedidae ................................134 Family Thyasiridae .................................143
Family Fionidae ......................................135 Superfamily Astartoidea ...........................144
Superfamily Aeolidioidea .........................135 Family Astartidae ....................................144
Family Facelinidae ..................................135 Superfamily Carditoidea ..........................145
Family Aeolidiidae ..................................135 Family Carditidae ...................................145
Informal Groups Pulmonata and Superfamily Galeommatoidea ..................146
Basommatophora ..............................135 Family Lasaeidae ....................................146
Superfamily Siphonarioidea .....................135 Superfamily Glossoidea ............................146
Family Siphonariidae ..............................135 Family Vesicomyidae ..............................146
Clade Systellommatophora ...........................135 Superfamily Cardioidea ............................146
Superfamily Onchidioidea ........................135 Family Cardiidae ....................................146
Family Onchidiidae ................................135 Superfamily Veneroidea ............................147
viii Professional Paper NMFS 19
Family Limapontiidae .............................130 Class Bivalvia—The Clams, Cockles, Rock
Family Hermaeidae .................................130 Jingles, and Scallops...........................135
Clade Nudipleura .........................................130 Subclass Protobranchia .....................................136
Subclade Pleurobranchomorpha .................130 Superfamily Solemyoidea .........................136
Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea ................130 Family Solemyidae ..................................136
Family Pleurobranchidae ........................130 Superfamily Nuculoidea ...........................136
Subclade Nudibranchia ..............................130 Family Nuculidae ...................................136
Clade Euctenidiacea .....................................130 Superfamily Pristiglomoidea .....................136
Subclade Doridacea ....................................130 Family Pristiglomidae .............................136
Superfamily Doridoidea ...........................130 Superfamily Nuculanoidea .......................136
Family Dorididae ....................................130 Family Nuculanidae ................................136
Family Chromodorididae ........................130 Family Malletiidae ..................................137
Family Discodorididae ............................130 Family Neilonellidae ...............................137
Family Akiodorididae .............................131 Family Yoldiidae .....................................137
Superfamily Onchidoridoidea ..................131 Subclass Pteriomorpha ......................................139
Family Onchidorididae ...........................131 Superfamily Arcoidea ...............................139
Family Goniodorididae ...........................132 Family Arcidae ........................................139
Superfamily Polyceroidea .........................132 Superfamily Glycymeridoidea ..................139
Family Polyceridae ..................................132 Family Glycymerididae ...........................139
Family Aegiretidae ..................................132 Superfamily Limopsoidea .........................139
Clades Dexiarchia and Cladobranchia ..........132 Family Limopsidae .................................139
Subclade Dendronotida ..............................132 Superfamily Philobryoidea .......................139
Superfamily Tritonioidea ..........................132 Family Philobryidae ................................139
Family Tritoniidae ..................................132 Superfamily Mytiloidea ............................139
Family Dendronotidae ............................133 Family Mytilidae ....................................139
Family Tethydidae ..................................133 Superfamily Limoidea ..............................141
Superfamily unassigned ............................133 Family Limidae .......................................141
Family Dotidae .......................................133 Superfamily Ostreoidea ............................141
Family Dironidae ....................................133 Family Ostreidae ....................................141
Family Proctonotidae ..............................133 Superfamily Pectinoidea ...........................141
Subclade Euarminida ..................................134 Family Pectinidae ....................................141
Superfamily Arminoidea ...........................134 Family Propeamussidae ..........................142
Family Arminidae ...................................134 Superfamily Anomioidea ..........................143
Subclade Aeolidida .....................................134 Family Anomiidae ...................................143
Superfamily Flabellinoidea .......................134 Subclass Heterodonta .......................................143
Family Flabellinidae ................................134 Superfamily Lucinoidea ............................143
Superfamily Fionoidea .............................134 Family Lucinidae ....................................143
Family Eubranchidae ..............................134 Family Ungulinidae .................................143
Family Tergipedidae ................................134 Family Thyasiridae .................................143
Family Fionidae ......................................135 Superfamily Astartoidea ...........................144
Superfamily Aeolidioidea .........................135 Family Astartidae ....................................144
Family Facelinidae ..................................135 Superfamily Carditoidea ..........................145
Family Aeolidiidae ..................................135 Family Carditidae ...................................145
Informal Groups Pulmonata and Superfamily Galeommatoidea ..................146
Basommatophora ..............................135 Family Lasaeidae ....................................146
Superfamily Siphonarioidea .....................135 Superfamily Glossoidea ............................146
Family Siphonariidae ..............................135 Family Vesicomyidae ..............................146
Clade Systellommatophora ...........................135 Superfamily Cardioidea ............................146
Superfamily Onchidioidea ........................135 Family Cardiidae ....................................146
Family Onchidiidae ................................135 Superfamily Veneroidea ............................147