An annotated bibliography of eastern redcedar [microform]

106 Pages·1996·6.4 MB·English

by  Schmidt, Thomas L

document
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aSDll
.A35 An Annotated
nited States
apartment of
Agriculture
Bibliography
Forest
Service Eastern Redcedar
of
North Central
Forest Experiment
Station Thomas L. Schmidt and Ronald J. Piva
Resource Bulletin -a
NC-166
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Cover Photo Credit: Jon S. Wilson. Jon, a District
and Extension Forester for the Nebraska Forest
Service/University of Nebraska, has spent many
years working with eastern redcedar. Jon took this
photograph on the Cedar Canyon State Forest,
near North Platte, Nebraska.
Contents
Physiology
Nursery Propagation
Regeneration/Planting
Pests
Bagworms
Rust
Blights
Other Pests
Weather Related Factors
Control of Eastern Redceda.
Products
Cedar Extracts
Christmas Tree Production
Lumber Products
Pencils
Repellents and Inhibitors ..
Other Products
Wildlife Relationships
Ecological Relationships
Author Index
North Central Forest Experiment Station
—
Forest Service U.S. Department ofAgriculture
1992 Folwell Avenue
St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Manuscript approved for publication February 7, 1996
1996
An Annotated Bibliography of Eastern Redcedar
Thomas L. Schmidt and Ronald J. Piva
Introduction
This annotated bibliography of published literature on eastern redcedar {Juniperus
virginiana L.) contains 719 references to both technical and popular articles available as
of September 1994. We compiled this bibliography to provide a working tool for people
interested in eastern redcedar. It is intended to serve as an international reference for
literature and research about eastern redcedar. Most of the literature cited was located
through computerized, global literature searches. In addition, we searched citations
from eastern redcedar related publications and libraries for eastern redcedar refer-
ences. Citations available after September 1994, unpublished theses and typewritten
reports, are not included. The annotations provide a general idea of the information
and results and are not intended to be complete abstracts. In broad-based articles, we
excerpted only the information relevant to eastern redcedar. We tried to keep the
organization of this bibliography simple; it is arranged by subject area and alphabeti-
cally by authorwith a number assigned to each entry. The number of the publication is
listed by each author in the author index.
The Juniperus genus, in the Cupressaceae family of conifers, consists of about 70
species of trees and shrubs widely scattered throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is the most widely distributed coniferof tree
size in the Eastern United States, and it is indigenous in every State east of the 100th
Meridian and in southern Ontario (fig. 1).
Eastern redcedar is a small to medium tree that can grow up to 60 feet in height and
can attain bole diameters of more than 24 inches at breast height. The crown is dense
and narrowly pyramidal orcolumnar, with the bole tapering to a potentially deep root
system. The American Forestry Association's 1994 National Register of Big Trees lists
the champion eastern redcedar as having a bole circumference of 211 inches, a height
of 55 feet, and a crown spread of 68 feet. It is located at the Lone Hill Church Cem-
etery in Coffee County, Georgia.
Eastern redcedar grows under a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Annual
rainfall ranges from approximately 16 inches to almost 60 inches, and length of growing
season ranges from 120 to 250 days. Soil types range from acidic sands to those
derived from limestone. The best growth is made on deep alluvial soils. Eastern
redcedar is most common on dry soils, in pure stands oropen mixtures with pines or
hardwoods. It is a slow-growing and somewhat shade-intoleranttree.
Thomas L. Schmidt, Research Forester, received a bachelor's degree in forest
management and a master's degree in forestry/land-use planning from the Univer-
sity of Missouri-Columbia. He received his Ph.D. in agronomy/ecology from the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Hejoined the Forest Service in 1992 and has been
working with the North Central Forest Experiment Station's Forest Inventory and
Analysis Unit since.
Ronald J. Piva, Forester, received a bachelor's degree in forest management from
the University of Missouri-Columbia. Hejoined the Forest Service in 1985 and has
been working with the North Central Forest Experiment Station's Forest Inventory
and Analysis Unit since.
—
Figure 1. Range ofeastern redcedar, Juniperus virginiana L. (Little 1971).
Eastern redcedar is commonly used for posts, novelty items, chests, and as shelterbelts/
windbreaks. It is an important species forwildlife food and cover. Considerable variation
in color and compactness makes eastern redcedar and its cultivars among the best of
native ornamental evergreens.
This bibliography is a follow-up to E.R. Ferguson's "Eastern redcedar: an annotated
bibliography," published in 1970 by the Southern Forest Experiment Station. We felt that
the significant number of publications added to the literature since 1970 warranted this
update. For more information about Ferguson's earlier publication, please see:
Ferguson, E.R. 1970. Eastern redcedar: an annotated bibliography. Res. Pap. SO-64.
New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest
Experiment Station. 21 p.
The use oftrade names does notconsitute endorsementbythe U.S. DepartmentofAgriculture
PHYSIOLOGY engelmanniias mulches and soil amendments, their
rates ofdecomposition in soil were determined in the
1. Adams, R.P. 1970. Chemosystematic and laboratoryattwo levels of N by measuring C02
numerical studies in natural populations of evolution for53-800 days. The woods and barksof all
Juniperus. Dissertation Abstracts International, these specieswere considerably more resistantto
B. Science and Engineering. 69(21): 755. 248 p. biological attackthan was shortleaf pine sawdust. L.
J. asheiand J. pinchotiiwereanalyzedforareasof decurrens, T. distichum, S. sempervirens, T.
speciation and possible hybridization. Theirinterac- canadensis, and J. virginianawere particularly
resistantto decomposition. Owingtothe slow rates of
tionswith each otherand with J. virginiana, J. decomposition, thesoil was ableto furnish adequate
sflcaocpcuildoarwuemr,eJ.exmaomnionsepde,rumsai,ngJ.bodtehppmeoarnphao,loagnidcaJ.l and available N formaximum rates ofdecomposition in all
cases, and supplementary N was not needed.
terpenoid characters.
2. Adams, R.P. 1986. Geographic variation in 7. Anseth, B. 1978. Trees and shrubs, where are
you? Soil Conservation. 43(10): 20-21.
Juniperus silicicolaand J. virginianaofthe
Describestheworkof MITOSIS (Montana Inter-
southeastern United States: multivariate
agencyTree orShrub Improvement Study), a program
analyses of morphology and terpenoids. set up bythree agencies (USDA Forest Service,
International Bureau of PlantTaxon Nomencla- USDA Soil Conservation Service, andthe Forestry
ture. 35(1): 61-75. 25 refs. Division ofthe Montana Departmentof Natural
ConcludesthatJ. silicicolaiswithinthe range of Resources and Conservation) to develop improved
variation of J. virginianaand should betreatedas a varieties oftrees orshrubsforconservation purposes.
variety. Projects include: collection and progenytesting of
seedfrom superiortrees and shrubs in shelterbelts;
3. Agramont, F.; Busking, R.; Mitchell, J.; Enzinger, improving the establishment ofconifers; standardiza-
E. 1948. The red cedar. Missouri Botanical tion ofwoody plantcertification; and evaluation of
Garden Bulletin. 36: 86-92. Rocky Mountainjuniper(Juniperusscopulorum) and
Reports distribution ofeastern redcedarinthe St. eastern redcedar (J. virginiana) strains in the Great
Louis, Missouri area, wood color, and leafvariation. Plains.
4. Aleksandrovskij, E.S. 1966. Embryological 8. Baer, N.W. 1985. Nutrient content in eastern
studies of Juniperusspp. of [Soviet] Central redcedarfoliage: seasonal variation. Tech.
Asia. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 51(3): 436-446. 23 Bull. 86. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State
refs. Russian. University, Agriculture Experiment Station. 9 p.
Adetailed illustratedaccountcovers J.
seravschanica, J. semiglobosa, and J. turkestanica, 9. Bagley, W.T.; Read, R.A. 1960. Some tempera-
with J. virginiana, J. communis, J. sabina, and Thuja ture and photoperiod effects on growth of
orientalisforcomparison. eastern redcedar seedlings. Iowa Journal of
Science. 34(4): 595-602. 6 refs.
5. Aleksandrovskij, E.S. 1971. Development of Eastern redcedarseedlings grown at daytime
ovules and microsporogenesis in species of temperatures of90°F responded differently intop and
Juniperus. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 56(2): 193- root growth tofourcombinationsof nighttemperature
201 25 refs. Russian. and photoperiod. Greatest growth and highesttop/
.
Reports resultsof acomparativestudy ofthe root ratioswere obtained bya diurnal fluctuation from
developmentof male and female cones in J. 90to 59° Fwith a20-hourphotoperiod (long-moder-
seravschanica, J. semiglobosa, J. turkestanica, J. ate). A diurnal fluctuation from 90to 45° Fwith a20-
turcomanica, J. communis, and J. virginianaat hourphotoperiod (long-cold) producedthe smallest
Tashkent. Considerable differenceswere observed seedlingswith the lowesttop/root ratios. Heights and
between species in thetimeof initiation and differen- weights at59° F (moderate) nighttemperaturewere
tiation ofcones. significantly greaterunder20-hour (long) photoperiod
than under 14-hour (normal) photoperiod. Variation in
6. Allison, F.E.; Klein, C.J. 1961. Comparative growth responsewithin treatmentwas greatest under
rates of decomposition in soil of wood and the 90to45° F (long-cold) and least underthe 90to
bark particles of several softwood species. 80° F (long-hot) temperature regime. Seedling
heights andtop/root ratiostendedto equalize after6
Soil Science Society of America. 25(3): 193-196.
months in an outdoorenvironment, but significant
4 refs.
differences in total weight did notchange.
In orderto determinethesuitabilityoffinely ground
woods and barks of Libocedrusdecurrens, Taxodium 10. Bahari, Z.A.; Pallardy, S.G.; Parker, W.C. 1985.
distichum, Sequoia sempervirens, Larixoccidentalis, Photosynthesis, water relations, and
Tsuga canadensis, Abiesmagnifica, A. concolor,
drought adaptation in six woody species of
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Juniperus virginiana, and Picea
oak-hickory forests in central Missouri. 13. Barton, LA/. 1951 . Germination of seeds of
Forest Science. 31(3): 557-569. 33 refs. Juniperus virginiana L. Contributions from
Photosynthesis, leaf conductance, water poten^ Boyce Thompson Institute. 16(8): 387-393. 8
tial, and tissue water relations were examined for 2- refs.
to 6-m-tall saplings of species from habitats of Seeds of J. virginiana possess dormant embryos
varying soil moisture content in the growing seasons that require a period of3 months at 5° C to after-
of 1980 (hot and dry) and 1981 (wet). Drought ripen; 1° C is less effective and 10° C is totally
substantially reduced leaf conductance in all ineffective. A large percent of seeds have imperme-
angiosperm trees (Quercus velutina, Q. alba, Q. able coats, which may be made permeable by
rubra, Cornus florida, and Acersaccharum), but only exposure to moisture at a temperature of 25° C for
slightly reduced conductance of Juniperus 2-8 weeks or by soaking for30 minutes in concen-
virginiana. C. floridashowed the most pronounced trated H S0 Such treatment should precede
response to drought, because of its inabilityto avoid stratifica2tion.4.
low water potential; this is attributable to its known
habit of shallow rooting. Differences in drought 14. Baslas, R.K.; Saxena, S. 1985. Constituents
adaptation were apparent among the broadleaves,
of essential oil of cedar-wood [thymol,
with Quercusspp. (adapted to driersites) showing
carvacrol, eugenol, beta-thujone, pi-
generally lower osmotic potentials at full turgor and
turgor loss point, higher moduli of leaf tissue anisaldehyde, pi-ethylvanillin, alfa-li-
elasticity, and higher rates of photosynthesis during monene, alfa-pinene, bisabolene oxide 1,
drought, compared with A. saccharumand C. florida. limonene expoxide, bisabolene oxide, alfa-
J. virginiana, usuallyfound on very drysites, showed pinene epoxide, neoiso-menthol, alfa-
a different pattern of drought adaptation: an terpineol]. Herba Hungarica. 24(1): 27-29. 1
inherently low capacityforwater loss, and the ability ref.
to sustain stomatal opening at lowwaterpotentials.
15. Bauch, J.; Schweers, W.; Berndt, H. 1974.
1 1 . Bailey, L.H. 1933. The cultivated conifers in Lignification during heartwood formation:
North America, comprising the pine family comparative study of rays and bordered pit
and the taxads. New York, NY: Macmillian membranes in coniferous woods.
Press. 404 p. Holzforschung. 28(3): 86-91. 18 refs. German.
Presents a detailed botanical description of A comparative study was made of the lignification
eastern redcedar, with very general information on ofthe walls of ray parenchyma cells and membranes
cultivation, propagation, and on insects, diseases, of bordered pits in specimens of Pinussylvestris, P.
and injuries. strobus, Larixdecidua, and Juniperus virginiana
using light microscopy, histochemical tests, micro-
12. Bannan, M.W. 1942. Wood structure of the autoradiography, and UV microspectrophotometry.
native Ontario species of Juniperus. Ameri- It was shown that lignification in ray parenchyma cell
can Journal of Botany. 29: 245-252. walls of pines ofthe subgenus Haploxylon may
Many of the trends in anatomical variation in occur during heartwood formation. In other species
different parts ofthe tree in J. virginiana resembled investigated, lignification ofthese cells occurred at
those observed in Thuja occidentalis. Similar the cambial zone. Incrustation of pit membranes by
tendencies were noted in such characters as size of polyphenols also occurs during heartwood forma-
the tracheids, size and distribution of the tion.
intertracheary pits, size and numberof pits per
crossing field, height and distribution of rays, and 16. Baxter, D.V. 1954. Some resupinate
size of ray cells. Otherfeatures usually regarded as polypores from the region of the Great
valuable for purposes of identification such asthe Lakes. XXVI. Michigan Academy of Science.
thickness and character ofthe walls ofthe ray and 40: 91-108. 8 refs.
xylem parenchyma cells also varied considerably. Lists the polypores in eastern and northern plant
Because of such variability, it is clearthatthe associations in which the following species are
selection of characters that will ultimately prove dominant: (1) Populusspp. (chieflyP. tacamahaca),
diagnostic must be held in abeyance until there is (2) Populusspp. (chiefly P. deltoides), (3) Picea
more complete knowledge of the range of variation mariana, (4) Pinusbanksiana, (5) Pinus resinosa, (6)
in related forms. An expansion of certain ofthe rays Liriodendron tulipifera and L. tulipifera/Quercus
to a multiseriate condition, such as observed in alba, (7) Quercus montana, (8) Quercus stellataI Q.
Thuja occidentalis, was also noted in all three local marilandica, (9) Juniperus virginiana, (10) Betula
species of Juniperus. All adventitious roots arising nigraIPlatanus occidentalis, (11) Chamaecyparis
from stems or branches connected with rays in the thyoides, (12) Taxodium distichum/Nyssa aquaticaI
xylem were nearly always of this unusual type. Liquidambarstyraciflua, (13) Pinus serotina, (14)
Quercusnigra/Liquidambarstyraciflua, and (15)
Quercus virginianaISabalpalmetto. An account is
2
.
also included of Poria vaillantii, aspeciesfound in virginiana L., measured over a 2-year
North America mainly on greenhouse benches. period. American Midland Naturalist. 90(1):
194-200. 17 refs.
17. Belling, A.J. 1987. A comparison of morpho- Significant positive correlations werefound
logical characteristics of Chamaecyparis between the concentrationsofchlorophyll a and
thyoides, Thuja occidentalisand Juniperus chlorophyll b, and between chlorophyll and dry
virginiana. In: Lademan, A.D., ed. 1st Atlantic weight; and negative regressions ofchlorophyll on
white cedarwetlands symposium; 1984 Octo- temperature andon total radiation. Seasonal
ber; Woods Hole, MA. Boulder, CO: Westview differences are discussed.
Press: 231-240.
23. Burt, L.B. 1939. The bearing of Zalenski's law
18. Bessey, C.E.; Webber, H.J. 1890. Grasses on conifer leaves. Transactions of the Kansas
and forage plants, and the catalogue of Academy of Science. 42: 113-121
plants. Report ofthe Botanist, Nebraska State Investigations on leaves ofAbiesconcolor,
Board Agricultural Report for 1889. Lincoln, Juniperus virginiana, Piceapungens, Pinus
NE: State Journal Company, Printers: 37-43. banksiana, P. laricio, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, and
Thuja orientalisshowedthat photosynthetic cells
19. Bifoss, C.G. 1947. The water conducting decreased in size and increased in frequencyfrom
the basalto the apical parts. The stomatalfre-
capacity and growth habits of Juniperus quency increased in the same direction. This bears
horizontalis Moench and Juniperus outtheobservations made byZalenski and others
virginiana L. Ecology. 28(3): 281-289. on plants in general.
Aseries oftests on thewaterconductivityand
measurements ofthetracheids ofstems of 24. Butler, D.R.; Walsh, S.J. 1988. The use of
Juniperushorizontalisand J. virginianayieldedthe eastern redcedar in a tree-ring study in
following facts: (1) No significant differenceexists Oklahoma. Prairie Naturalist. 20(1): 47-56.
between thespecific conductivityofthesetwo Growth ringsfrom Juniperus virginianawere
specieswhen taken from approximatelythesame
examinedfrom 10trees at each ofthree sites
habitat. Therefore, the creeping habit ofJ. distributed along an ecotonal transect in west-central
horizontalisapparently has no direct relation tothe Oklahoma. Tree rings were examined to determine
specificwater-conductivityof its stem. (2)The the utility of eastern redcedaras a source of
values forspecific water-conductivityof both species surrogate climaticdata. False rings werecommon,
are definitely low, and accordinglythe dimensions of and somewerecorrelative amongstthe three study
thetracheids andtheirlumen areas asseen in sites. In spite of awestward-increasingtendencyof
transverse vieware alsosmall. The deviationsare
partialfalse rings, the combination of correlativetrue
negligiblysmall and compensatinglydistributed. (3) annual rings, correlativefalse rings, and firescars
The growth rate, as determined from transverse provided some useful datafor identifyingthe
sections, varies in thetwo species. In seasons of presenceof pastdroughts onthe Great Plains.
severe drought it is apparently quite similarin both
species, while undermorefavorableconditions J. 25. Chadwick, L.C. 1946. Seeds of redcedar.
virginianagrows much faster.
American Nurseryman. 83(9): 10.
20. Blake, S.F. 1910. Note on Juniperus The factors responsiblefordelayed germination
ofeastern redcedar(Juniperus virginiana) seed are
horizontalisand J. virginiana. Rhodora. 12: thewaxycoat and a resting condition ofthe embryo.
218. Thewaxy coatcan be removed bysoaking seedsfor
several hours in alcohol, or by pouring warm water
21. Brett, W.J.; Singer, A.C. 1970. Long term overthe seeds and bringing ittothe boil, repeating
chlorophyll fluctuation in an evergreen - the operation twice. In orderto overcome the
Juniperus virginiana. Indiana Academy of resting condition ofthe embryo, seed should be
Science. 80: 95. stratifiedfrom aboutthe middle of Decembertothe
Concentrations ofchlorophyll a and bwere middle of March, andthen sown in well-prepared
determined in 1g of leaf materialtaken from a seedbeds ofsandy soil.
maturetree atweekly intervals overthe period
November 1967to October 1969. A multiple 26. Chandler, R.F. 1939. The calcium content of
regression analysis was madeto determinethe thefoliage of forest trees. Rep. 228. Ithaca,
relations between chlorophyll concentrations and NY: Cornell University, Cornell Agricultural
temperature, precipitation, cloudcover, and dry Experiment Station. 15 p.
weight, andthe results are brieflydiscussed. The seasonaltrends in the calcium content ofthe
foliage of Fagusgrandifolia, Magnoliaacuminata,
22. Brett, W.J.; Singer, A.C. 1973. Chlorophyll Populus tremuloides, Juniperus virginiana, and
concentration in leaves of Juniperus Pinusstrobus, werestudied. In all casesthe
3
.
calcium content, expressed either on a percentage former predominating only longitudinally and at low
oron an absolute-amount basis, was found to moisture content. Movement is similar in sapwood
increase progressively throughout the growing and heartwood, but greater radially than tangentially,
season. The calcium content of the foliage of indicating that voids, including pits, have little effect.
evergreen trees increased throughout the growing The results defied complete interpretation; they did
season but remained fairlyconstant during the not conform to Fick's laws of diffusion.
winter months. The longerthe foliage of a single
species remained on the tree, the higherwas its 29. Cochran, K.D. 1992. Evaluation of form and
calcium content. The calcium content of mature growth characteristics of Juniperus culti-
foliage of 27 forest trees was determined and they vars at the Secrest Arboretum. Ohio Agricul-
were grouped accordingly: (1) Species averaging tural Research and Development Center. 140:
more than 2.0 percent of calcium in theirfoliage - 32-34. 7 refs.
tulip poplar, redcedar, basswood, black locust,
mockernut hickory, bitternut hickory, white cedar, Sixty-five ornamental cultivars of Juniperus
hophornbeam, trembling aspen, white ash, and (embracing J. horizontalis, J. sabina, J. conferta, J.
fbrlaocmk1c.h0ertroy2..0(2p)erScpeenctieosf cwahlocsiuemf-olsihaagegbcaornktained Jec.voamvlimuruagntineiidsa.,na,JF.oJp.rrmsoccwouapmusbleconartsue,mg,oJ.rainczdheidnJ.eansssqidusi,asmkJ,a.tmdaoa)vuunwrdei,crae,
hickory, American elm, sugar maple, Norway spruce,
ovoid, sphere, cylinder, ellipsoid, cone, or pyramid.
white oak, red oak, yellow birch, chestnut oak, white
pine, and balsam fir. (3) Species whose foliage Gharboitw:thpwroacsumdbeesnitg,nahtoerdizaocnctaolr,dianrgchteodb,raasnccehnidnigng,
contained less than 1.0 percent of calcium - red fastigiate, orconvergent. All plants were also
maple, red pine, hemlock, beech, scotch pine, and
evaluated forgrowth characteristics of open or
red spruce.
closed outline.
27. Chappelle, E.W.; Williams, D.L 1987. Laser-
30. Coile, T.S. 1933. Soil reaction and forest
induced fluorescence (LIF) from plant
types in the Duke Forest. Ecology. 14: 323-
foliage. IEEE Transactions of Geoscience and
333.
Remote Sensing. GE-25(6): 726-736. 25 refs. Eastern redcedarwas found to occur in small
LIF spectra were measured from herbaceous
pure stands within otherforesttypes but was seldom
dicotyledons (soybeans, sugar beet, tobacco), found in the overstory on extensive areas. Eastern
monocotyledons (maize, wheat, rice, barley), redcedartended to raise the pH of normally acidic
conifers {Juniperus virginiana, Pinusstrobus, P.
soils.
taeda, Piceaglauca), broadleaves {Quercus rubra,
Acerrubrum, Carya ovata) and two algae. All the 31. Collingwood, G.H. 1938. Eastern red cedar.
planttypes could be identified bytheirspectral
American Forests. 44: 30-31
characteristics. Trees differed from othergroups by
Describes the occurrence, growth, characteristics,
the presence of a fluorescent band at 525 nm.
wood qualities, utilization, and pests.
Conifers differed from all othergroups bythe
absence of a band at 685 nm. Needles of Picea —
32. Corliss, CD. 1983. Juniper plant Corcorcor
glaucaexposed to an inhibitor of photosynthesis
showed a fluorescent band at 685 nm. Differences variety Juniperus virginiana, evergreen
in LIF spectra that could be related to tree vigor conifer, symmetrical and conical. U.S. Pat.
were found in needles of Picea rubensfrom an area Plant. 5041. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent
known to receive acid rain. Changes in LIF spectra Trademark Office. 4 p.
were also found in maize plants subjected to nutrient
stress and in cotton plants subjected to drought 33. Cregg, B.M. 1992. Leaf area estimation of
stress. mature foliage of Juniperus. Forest Science.
38(1): 61-67. 15 refs.
28. Choong, E.T.; Fogg, P.J.1968. Moisture The ratio oftotal surface area to projected leaf
movement in six wood species. Forest area was determinedfor mature foliage samples
Products Journal. 18(5): 66-70. 6 refs. collected atthree canopy heights from three half-sib
Reports drying and sorption tests on small Juniperus virginianafamilies and one J. scopulorum
sapwood and heartwood samples oftimberof widely family growing on a farm in southeast Nebraska.
different permeability (Quercus sp., Liquidambar The relation of projected leaf area to leaf dryweight
styraciflua, Lihodendron tulipifera, Pinussp., and volume was also determined. Total surface
Juniperus virginiana, Sequoia sempervirens) to area was estimated to be 3.2X the projected surface
elucidate the mechanism of moisture movement. area. This relation was independent of seed source
Other variables examined were specific gravity, orcrown position. Projected leaf area can be satis-
grain direction, and sample thickness. It is con- factorily estimated from weight or volume. However,
cluded that movement of both vapor and bound these relations differed by crown position or seed
wateroccurs at all moisture content ranges, the source. These results indicate that leaf area of
maturejuniperfoliage may be estimated through