An analog and digital data acquisition system for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

328 Pages·2011·19.63 MB·English

An analog and digital data acquisition system for
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring MASSACHUSETS INSTU
OF TECHNOLOGY
by
AUG 2 4 2010
Zachary Alan Clifford
B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2008) LIBRARIES
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Engineering in Electrical Science and Engineering
at the ARCHIVES
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
September 2009
@ Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2009. All rights reserved.
Author .. . .......
Iparti ent of lectrical Engineering and Computer Science
August 31, 2009
Certified by ................. ...........
Steven B. Leeb
Professor lectrical ineering and Computer Science
Thesis Supervisor
Certified by.
John Cooley
Doctoral Candidate
Thesis Supervisor
Certified by.. .e.............................
James Paris
Doctoral Candidate
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by .....................
Dr. Christopher J. Terman
Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Theses
2
An analog and digital data acquisition system for
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
by
Zachary Alan Clifford
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
on August 31, 2009, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Engineering in Electrical Science and Engineering
Abstract
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a method for characterizing and monitoring
discrete loads connected to a power distribution system. This can include a ship, a
car, or a utility distribution system. The entire concept is predicated on having
access to digital samples of the current and voltage signals at the distribution point.
This thesis presents a analog to digital converter for this task and a new low-power
inductive current sensor for deployment in a standard circuit breaker box. The current
sensor uses discrete JFET devices to passively transmit data inductively through the
steel door of the circuit breaker.
Thesis Supervisor: Steven B. Leeb
Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Thesis Supervisor: John Cooley
Title: Doctoral Candidate
Thesis Supervisor: James Paris
Title: Doctoral Candidate
4
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Professor Leeb for his guidance and support with this work. I
would also like to acknowledge and thank Jim Paris, John Cooley, and Al-Thaddeus
Avestruz for their oversight and assistance with this work. I also appreciate the
invaluable mechanical support provided by Chris Schantz in building the experiments.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge my fiancee, Bronwyn Edwards for supporting me
in finishing my degree.
6
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 NILM Background . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 NerdJack Analog-to-Digital Frontend 21
2.1 Part selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Software selection . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Hardware development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Device-side application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.3 Task Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.4 WDTtask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.5 TCP/IP and Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.6 Samplemanager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.7 Copytask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.8 DSTRM, CMD, and A~UTOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
2.4.9 Serial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
2.5 PC side application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 Testing and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6.1 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Inductively powered current sensor
3.1 Introduction and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Breaker Pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 JFET Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Through-door Inductive Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 Sense and Demodulation Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6.1 Power front-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6.2 Analog filter chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6.3 DSP operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.6.4 I/Q Demodulation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7 Test setup and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.7.1 Coil design procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7.2 R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.8 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.1 Inductive Link Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.2 Demodulation Board Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.8.3 DSP Software Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 Conclusions 75
A Microcontroller-based educational tool 77
A.1 BurnIt theory of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A.2 Programming the AT89C2051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
A.3 Programming the PIC16F628 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
A.4 Programming the GAL22V1O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
B Data Acquisition Device Manual 81
B.1 Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
B.2 Installing software to use a NerdJack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
B.2.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8
B.2.2 Mac OS X and Linux ....................... 82
B.3 Using the NerdJack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.4 Installing software to program a NerdJack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.4.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
B.4.2 Mac OS X and Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
B.5 Programming a NerdJack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.6 Building a NerdJack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
B.7 Pinouts for NerdJack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
B.8 Device Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
B.9 Updating the Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
B.10 Building the development environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
B.11 Remaking the Windows installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
B.12 Known Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
B.13 Customizations to the stock Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
B.14 Software Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
B.14.1 FreeRTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
B .14.2 lw IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
B.14.3 General Program Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
C NerdJack Analog-to-Digital Converter Schematics and Layout 97
C .1 Schem atic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
C .2 Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104
D BurnIt Schematics and Layout 109
D .1 Schem atic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
D .2 Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
E IQ Demodulator Schematics and Layout 115
E.1 Schem atic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
E .2 Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119
9
F NerdJack Source Code Listing 127
F.1 Firmware Source Code ...... .......................... 127
F.1.1 FreeRTOSConfig.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
F.1.2 conf-eth.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
F.1.3 conflwip-threads.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
F.1.4 externalmem .h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
F.1.5 lwipopts.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
F.1.6 DataStream .h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
F.1.7 DataStream .c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
F.1.8 InitBoard.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
F.1.9 InitBoard.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
F.1.10 ethernet.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
F.1.11 ethernet.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
F.1.12 samplem anagerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
F.1.13 samplemanager.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
F.1.14 serialport.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
F.1.15 serialport.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
F.1.16 wdtreset.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
F.1.17 wdtreset.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
F.1.18 m ainc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
F.1.19 version.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
F.2 Ethstream Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
F.2.1 ethstream .h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
F.2.2 ethstream .c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
F.2.3 nerdjack.h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
F.2.4 nerdjack.c ............................ . 210
F.3 Nerdconfig Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
F.3.1 configData.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
F.3.2 nerdconfig.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233