An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873 PDF
Preview An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873
A A G N MERICAN ENOCIDE THE LAMAR SERIES IN WESTERN HISTORY The Lamar Series in Western History includes scholarly books of general public interest that enhance the understanding of human affairs in the American West and contribute to a wider understanding of the West’s signifi cance in the po liti cal, social, and cultural life of Amer i ca. Comprising works of the highest quality, the series aims to increase the range and vitality of Western American history, focusing on frontier places and people, Indian and ethnic communities, the urban West and the environment, and the art and illustrated history of the American West. Editorial Board HOWARD R. LAMAR, Sterling Professor of History Emeritus, Past President of Yale University WILLIAM J. CRONON, University of Wisconsin– Madison PHILIP J. DELORIA, University of Michigan JOHN MACK FARAGHER, Yale University JAY GITLIN, Yale University GEORGE A. MILES, Beinecke Library, Yale University MARTHA A. SANDWEISS, Prince ton University VIRGINIA J. SCHARFF, University of New Mexico ROBERT M. UTLEY, Former Chief Historian, National Park Ser vice Recent Titles Sovereignty for Survival: American Energy Development and Indian Self- Determination, by James Robert Allison III George I. Sánchez: The Long Fight for Mexican American Integration, by Carlos Kevin Blanton The Yaquis and the Empire: Vio lence, Spanish Imperial Power, and Native Resilience in Colonial Mexico, by Raphael Brewster Folsom Gathering Together: The Shawnee People through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600–1870, by Sami Lakomäki An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873, by Benjamin Madley Nature’s Noblemen: Transatlantic Masculinities and the Nineteenth- Century American West, by Monica Rico Rush to Gold: The French and the California Gold Rush, 1848–1854, by Malcolm J. Rohrbough Home Rule: House holds, Manhood, and National Expansion on the Eighteenth- Century Kentucky Frontier, by Honor Sachs The Cherokee Diaspora: An Indigenous History of Migration, Resettlement, and Identity, by Gregory D. Smithers Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian, by Don C. Talayesva, edited by Leo W. Simmons, Second Edition Before L.A.: Race, Space, and Municipal Power in Los Angeles, 1781–1894, by David Samuel Torres- Rouff Wanted: The Outlaw Lives of Billy the Kid and Ned Kelly, by Robert M. Utley A A n merican G enocide The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873 Benjamin Madley New Haven & London This book was made possible in part through the generosity of the UCLA History Department and the Division of Social Sciences and was published with assistance from the income of the Frederick John Kingsbury Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2016 by Benjamin Logan Madley. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e- mail sales . press@yale . edu (U.S. offi ce) or sales@yaleup . co . uk (U.K. offi ce). Set in Electra type by Westchester Publishing Ser vices. Printed in the United States of Amer i ca. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015955528 ISBN 978-0-300-18136-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) A cata logue rec ord for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For California Indians, past, present, and future This page intentionally left blank White p eople want our land, want destroy us. . . . I hear p eople tell ’bout what Inyan do early days to white man. Nobody ever tell it what white man do to Inyan. That’s reason I tell it. That’s history. That’s truth. — Lucy Young (Lassik/Wailaki), 1939, eyewitness to genocide This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowl edgments xi List of Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1 California Indians before 1846 16 2 Prelude to Genocide: March 1846– March 1848 42 3 Gold, Immigrants, and Killers from Oregon: March 1848– May 1850 67 4 Turning Point: The Killing Campaigns of December 1849– May 1850 103 5 Legislating Exclusion and Vulnerability: 1846–1853 145 6 Rise of the Killing Machine: Militias and Vigilantes, April 1850– December 1854 173 7 Perfecting the Killing Machine: December 1854– March 1861 231 8 The Civil War in California and Its Aftermath: March 1861–1871 289 9 Conclusion 336
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