An Agromedical Approach To Pesticide Management 1980

330 Pages·1980·13.95 MB·English

A project of Volunteers in Asia

An Agromedical Approach
to Pesticide Management

by John Davies, et al,

Published by:

Consortium for
International
Crop Protection
2888 Fulton Street
Suite 310
Berkeley, CA
94704
USA

Available from:

same as above

Reproduced
by permission.

Reproduction of this microfiche document in any
form is subject
to the same restrictions
as those
of the original
document.

SQME HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS

bY
J
E. Davies
PREPARED
IN COOPERATION
WITH THE:
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Virgil H. Freed

CONSORTIUM
FOR INTERNATIONAL
CROP PROTECTION
UNIVERSITY
OF MIAMI
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Fred W. Whittemore

AN AGROMEDICAL APPROACH TO PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

SOME HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Edited
by: John E. Davies,
M.D.,
M.P.H.
University
of Miami School
of Medicine

Virgil
H. Freed,
Ph.D.
Oregon State
University

Fred W. Whittemore,
Ph.D.
Washington,
D.C.

i

UNWED
STATES
OF
AMERICA

For further
information
contact:

John E. Davies,
M.D.,
M.P.H.
Department
of Epidemiology
(R669)
University
of Miami
School
of Medicine
P.O. Box 016069
Miami,
Florida
33101 U.S.A.

ii

This
book is dedicated
to the memory of
. . .

LINDA

iii

Consotaium for
htemational

Crop
Protection

This
publication
was financed
by
the
Consortium
for
International
Crop
Protection
under
the
Agency
for
International
Development
Contract
DSAN-C-0252.

This
publication
cannot
be reproduced
without
written
permission.

The
contents
of
this
publication
do not
necessarily
reflect
the
policies
and techniques
of .the
Consortium
for
International
Crop
Protection,
nor
of
the
United
States
Agency
for
International
Development,
nor
does
the
mention
of
trade
names
of
commercial
products
constitute
endorsements
or recommendations
for
use.

There
is
no intention
by the
authors
to
stereotype
by
sex any health
personnel
or workers.
To avoid
a cumber-
some text,
the
words
"he"
and
"she"
have
been
used
interchangeably.

iv

Contributors:

Ana Barquet,
Ph.D.
Research
Associate
Professor
University
of Miami

Thomas V. Briggle
Research
Associate
University
of Miami

Alfred
A. Buck,
M.D.,
Dr.P.H.
Tropical
Disease
Advisor
Office
of Health
Bureau
of Science
and
Technology
Agency
for
International
Development
Washington,
D.C.

George Christakis,
M.D.
Professor
and Vice
Chairman
Department
of Epidemiology
and
Public
Health
University
of Miami

Carroll
Collier
Pest Management Specialist
Agricultural
Production
Division
Office
of Agriculture
Bureau
for
Science
and
Technology
Agency
for
International
Development
Washington,
D.C.

John E. Davies,
M.D.,
M.P.H.
Professor
and Chairman
Department
of Epidemiology
and
Public
Health
University
of Miami

H. Wade Fowler,
Jr.,
Ph.D.
Research
Professor
Agromedicine
University
of Miami

Virgil
H. Freed,
Ph.D.
Adjunct
Professor
Agromedicine
University
of Miami
Director,
Environmental
Health
Sciences
Center
Oregon
State
University

Cora S. Kurtz
Assistant
Professor
University
of Miami

Robert
S. Levine,
M.D.
Associate
Professor
University
of Miami

Jon B. Mann
Research
Assistant
Professor
University
of Miami

Carmen Morgade,
Ph.D.
Research
Associate
Professor
University
of Miami

Carl
D. Pfaffenberger,
Ph.D.
Professor
University
of Miami

Janice
Reid,
M.Sc.
Entomologist
Caribbean
Agriculture
Research
8
Development
Institute
Jamaica

Ray F. Smith,
Ph.D.
Director,
Consortium
for
International
Crop Protection
Berkeley,
California

Earl
A. Weilmuenster,
Ph.D.
Organic
Chemist,
Retired
Corvallis,
Oregon

Fred W. Whittemore,
Ph.D.
Pest Management
Specialist
Agricultural
Production
Division
Office
of Agriculture
Bureau
for
Science
and
Technology
Agency for
International
Development
Washington,
D.C.

Carlos
Zapatos,
M.D.
Pesticide
Agromedical
Officer
Fertilizer
and Pesticide
Authority
Manila,
Philippines

Illustrations:
Joan M. Davies

V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors
express
their
indebtedness
and sincere
gratitude
to
the
following
people
for
the
assistance
and encouragement
they
gave over
the
years
and their
professional
and personal
interest.
Drs.
Ray Smith,
and Fred Whittemore,
members of the
Executive
Conanittee
of the Consortium
for
International
Crop
Protection.
The contribution
of
recent
U.S.
Human Monitoring
data
from U.S.
E.P.A.,
Field
Studies
Branch,
Exposure
Eval-
uation
Division
by
Dr.
F:*ederick
Kutz,
Ph.D,
Chief,
Field
Studies
Branch,
to
the
chapter
on human monitoring
(Chapter
11)
is
greatly
appreciated.
Dr.
Julie
Sulianti-Saroso,
Indonesia,
Dr.
Iwan
Darmansjah,
Indonesia,
Dr.
T.
Ticoalu,
Indonesia,
Dr.
F.
Mazariegos,
Guatemala,
Dr.
Elkin
Busta-
mante,
Colombia,
Dr.
H.
Custodio,
Philippines,
and the
other
of our colleagues
who have shared
their
knowledge
and experi-
ence
in the
agromedical
field.
Also,
we are most grateful
to
Ann Roberts,
Sue Barclay,
Judy
Botana,
Jean McKenzie,
and the
other
ladies
who worked
so hard
to
type
and
assemble
the
manuscript
of
this
manual.
We express
our
gratitude
to
our
wives,
the
husbands
and
fapilies
for
their
patience
and
encouragement
during
preparation
of the manual.

vi

CONTENTS

FOREWORD................................ix

PART I
The Agromedical
Approach
to Pesticide
Management

Chapter
Page

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

The Agromedical
Approach
- General
Considerations
Freed,
V.H.,
Davies,
J.E.,
Smith,
R.F.
and
Whittemore,
F.W.
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

What Are Pesticides
and How Are They Used?
Freed,V.H..........................17

Epidemiology
of Pesticides
Davies,
J.E..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . D . . . . . . . . . 50

Toxicological
and Environmental
Implications
of
Insecticide
Resistance
Whittemore,
F.W.,
Fowler
Jr.,
H.W. and Collier,
C..
. . . . . 62

PART II
Prevention,
Diagnosis
and Treatment
of Pesticide
Poisoning

Pesticide
Poisonings
- Who Gets Poisoned
and Why?
Davies,
J.E..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Pesticide
Toxicity
and Mode of Action
Levine,
R.S.
and Davies,
J.E.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

First
Aid Procedures
Zapatos,
C. and Collier,
C. . . . . . . . . . . . . :.
. . . 99

Clinical
Aspects
of Acute
Poisoning
Levine,
R.S.
and Davies,
J.E.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Laboratory
Verification
Pfaffenberger,
C.,
Baryuet,
A.,
Morgade,
C.,
and
Briggle,
T.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Human Pesticide
Exposure
Assessment
Davies,
J.E.
and Levine,
R.S.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l47

Pesticide
Monitoring
and Human Concerns
Davies,
J.E.
and Freed,
V.H..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l57

Worker
Protection
Freed,
V.H.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

PART III
Agriculture,
Public
Health
and Environmental
Considerations

Chapter
Page

13
Application
of Pesticides
Freed,
V.H.
and Fowler
Jr.,
H.W..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

14
Pesticide
Formulation
as Related
to
Environmental
and
Health
Hazards
Freed,
V.H.
and Weilmuenster,
E..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

15
Transport,
Storage
and Disposal
of Pesticides
Freed,
V.H.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

16
Registration
and Labeling
Whittemore,
F.W.,
Collier,
C. and Fowler
Jr.,
H.W..
. . . . .237

17
Pollution
Reduction
Freed,
V.H.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

18
The Pivotal
Role
of the
Laboratory
in
Pesticide
Management
Freed,
V.H.
and Mann, J.B..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

19
Nutrition
and Pesticide
Interactions
Christakis,
G.,
Freed,
V.H.
and Davies,
J.E..
. . . . . . . .278

20
Regional
Differences
in Agromedical
Problems
I.
Agromedical
Problems
in Humid Tropical
Areas,
Reid,
J..
. . .289
II.
The Public
Health
Perspective,
Buck,
A.A.
. . . . . . . . . .303
III.
Persistence
of Chemicals,
Collier,
C. . . . . . . . . . . . .309

21
Implementation
of Agromedical
Concepts
Freed,
V.H.,
Davies,
J.E.,
Smith,
R.F.
and
Whittemore,
F.W..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

viii

FOREWORD

This
book,
the
preparation
of
which
was stimulated
by
experiences
gained
while
working
for
FAO,
WHO and
the
Consortium
for
International
Crop
Protection's
A.I.D.
Funded
Project
on Pest
Management
and Related
Environ-
mental
Protection
over
a period
of some twenty
years,
is
primarily
designed
to assist
agromedical
planners
and supervisors
of food
production
and human
health
programs
in the
lesser
developed
countries
(L.D.C.'s).

The book
has also
been designed
to
assist
the
lower
echelons
of the
agro-
medical
infrastructure
since
it
is
here
that
the
individuals
themselves
may
be directly
concerned
with
adverse
health
effects
caused
by pesticides.
In
the
latter
context,
this
book will
also
serve
as a training
manual
for
an
expanded
"Train
the
Trainor"
program9
on
general
considerations
of
the
agromedical
approach
and
the
principles
of
diagnosis
and
treatment
of
pesticide
poisoning.

Hence,
the
book is divided
into
three
Parts:

Part
I -
The Agromedical
Approach
- General
.

ix

Considerations

Part II -
Prevention,
Diagnosis
and Treatment
of
Pesticide
Poisonings

Part
III
-
Agriculture,
Public
Health
and Environmental
Considerations

Parts
I and II
were
designed
to
provide
background
information
for
train-
ees in
the
"Train
the
Trainor"
programs,
which
are
conducted
by
the
project.

Parts
I
and
III
are
designed
to
provide
background
information
to
participants
in
the
Pesticide
Management
Seminar/Workshops
which
are
also
conducted
by the
project.

The concept
of
agromedicine,
which
is
defined
and described
more fully
in
the
first
chapter,
is
based on the
following
premises:

Global
malnutrition
and starvation
are
already
with
us in
many parts
of the
world,

The risk
of famine
in the years
ahead
is
a very
real
threat,

The
traditional
methods
of
crop
protection
which
have
been
used
by
small
farms
for
centuries
must
be
improved
by
the
introduction
of
socially
and
economically
acceptable
appropriate
technologies
based
upon
modern
agricultural
concepts
to
enable
small
farms
to
produce
enough
high
quality
food
to avoid
the
impending
crisis,

Agricultural
pests
often
produce
crop
losses
of
up to
50% if
losses
incurred
during
production
as well
as
storage
are
added
together.

Chemical
pesticides
for
the
control
of
agricultural
pests
and diseases
as
well
as insect
vectors
of
diseases
of
public
health
importance
will
con-
tinue
to
be required
for
the
foreseeable
future;
although,
more
and more
they
will
be
primarily
used
as
essential
components
of
integrated
pest
management
strategies.

Chemical
pesticides
are
inherently
toxic
substances
to
many forms
of
life
and their
proper
and safe
use must
bz based
upon
information
drawn
from
a
variety
of
scientific
disciplines
e.g.,
medicine,
entomology,
plant
path-
ology,
chemistry
and environmental
toxicology,
to name but
a few.

Over the
last
thirty
years
the
initially
highly
successful
control
of pests
by chemicals
has been replaced
by a period
where
secondary
pest
management
problems
have occurred
all
over
the world.

These
problems
which
are of mutual
concern
for
agriculture
and health
are:

(1)
Pest
resistance
to pesticides,

(2)
Human and animal
poisonings,

(3)
Persistence
of certain
chemicals,
and chronic
pesticide
exposures
(occupational
and incidental),

(4)
Disposal
of pesticide
containers
as we
of old,
outdated
stocks
of pesticides.
11 as disposal

Acute
and
chronic
pesticide
exposures
can
be minimized
by
training
and
technological
improvements
in the
manufacture,
formulation,
application
and
disposal
of pesticides
and containers.
Roth
government
and private
sectors
can
achieve
this
goal
by
working
together
to
provide
training,
setting
standards
for
pesticide
application,
labeling
and disposal,
and establish-
ing
a trained
infrastructure
to
utilize
this
sophisticated
technology
in
the
most beneficial
manner.

Incidental
exposures
of
populations
are
another
area
of
public
health
concern.
Incidental
exposures
should
be monitored
to document
national
and
international
incidences
and
prevalences,
to
detect
any
untoward
changes
overtime
and to
identify
new chemicals
which
might
appear
in
our ecosystem
in
the'.years
ahead.
The development
of insecticide
resistance,
however,
in
contrast
to
human toxicological
problems,
is
a biological
phenomenon
which
is
direi=tly
related
to
the
persistence
of
pesticides
as
well
as
their
spectrum
of effectiveness
and scope
and intensity
of use,
and can be some-
what
ameliorated
by
operational
factors
within
the
control
of
local
officials.
Integrated
approaches
using
non-persistent
pesticides
only
when
necessary
to
prevent
economic
damage
appear
to
offer
the
most
logical
strategies
for
postponing
the
ultimate
spread
of this
phenomenon.

These
problems
were
the
foundation
of
the
agromedical
approach;
we hope
they
explain
our
Chapter
titles
and the
sequence
which
we have
used
for
developing
the
agromedical
theme --the
close
inter-relationship
which
must
be established
between
the
medical
and
agricultural
professions
to
solve
problems
of mutual
interest
and concern.

In
our
presentation
and discussion
of
these
topics
we have
been
strongly
influenced
by
our
personal
observations
of
global
pesticide
management
difficulties.
Also
since
it
is
our
hope to
interest
all
levels
of
society
which
are
concerned
with
the
safe
use of
pesticides
including
those
levels
where
communication
may be difficult,
we have added numerous
illustrations,
from
the
talented
pen of Joan M. Davies.

In the
area
of clinical
management
of pesticide
poisonings
we have attempt-
ed to
cover
the
essential
clinical
and toxicologic
features
of
selected
pesticides
rather
than
present
a comprehensive
treatise
on the
subject
of
pesticide
toxicology.
Here
again,
we have
attempted
to
highlight
the
important
issues
through
the
inclusion
of actual
case
studies
and epidemics
of
pesticide
poisonings
encountered
during
our
surveys.

The impact
of the
stark
contrast
of
competing
needs
must
surely
be one of
the
most
vivid
impressions
encountered
in
tropical
areas.
The ever
present
threat
of
vector-borne
and parasitic
diseases,
the
obvious
manifestations
of
kwashiorkor,
marasmus
and blindness
stand
side
by
side
with
human and
environmental
suffering
wrought
by
the
very
agents
used
to
fight
these
scourges.
It
is
this
tragic
paradox,
largely
the
result
of
inadequate
safety
technology
transfer
, which
has prompted
us to
develop
this
training
program.

Pesticide
management
is
concerned
with
the
skills
and
arts
which
must
be
learned
and implemented
to protect
man and his
environment
from unnecessary
and avoidable
pesticide
exposure.
It
is
concerned
with
all
the
links
of the
chain
of
pesticide
movement
through
the
environment
including
manufacture,
formulation,
mixing,
application
and disposal.
The goal
is
the
minimizing
of
pesticide
exposure
which
results
from
the
agriculture,
public
health,
urban
and domestic
pest
management
programs,
and to monitor
these
from
time
to
time.

xi

PART I

THE AGROMEOICAL APPROACH TO PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

1