An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815-1914 PDF
Preview An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815-1914
An Age of Neutrals AnAgeofNeutralsprovidesapioneeringhistoryoftheroleofneutrality in the international system between the Congress of Vienna and the outbreakoftheFirstWorldWar.The‘long’nineteenthcentury(1815– 1914) was an era of limited war. It was a century of industrialisation, imperialismandglobalisation;onewhichwitnessedtheeconomicand political hegemony of the great powers across the world. Dr Maartje Abbenhuisexploresthewaysinwhichneutralityreinforcedthesedevel- opments. She argues that a passive conception of neutrality has thus farpreventedhistoriansfromunderstandingthehighregardwithwhich neutrality,asatoolofdiplomacyandstatecraft,washeldbystatesand governmentsduringthisera.Thisisacompelling,newhistoryinwhich neutralityisexposedasavibrantandessentialpartoftheinternational system; a powerful instrument with which to solve disputes, stabilise internationalrelationsandpromoteEuropeaninterestsworldwide. maartje abbenhuisisSeniorLecturerinModernEuropeanHistory attheUniversityofAucklandinNewZealand,whereshehasworked since2003. An Age of Neutrals Great power politics, 1815–1914 Maartje Abbenhuis UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107037601 ©MaartjeAbbenhuis2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-107-03760-1Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. For Gord Contents Acknowledgements pageviii Notetoreaders x Introduction:itisnottheneutralsorlukewarms thatmakehistory 1 1 Neutralityontheeveoftheindustrialage 22 2 Neutrality,neutralisationandtheConcertofEurope 39 3 Theneutrals’war:Britainandtheglobalimplications oftheCrimeanWar,1853–1856 66 4 Howtobeneutral:negotiatingneutralityinthewarsof nationhood,1859–1871 96 5 Neutralityasaninternationalandpatrioticideal 144 6 RegulatingneutralityfromTheHaguetoTheHague, 1899–1907 178 7 Neutralnomore:neutralityandtheoriginsofthe FirstWorldWar 219 Conclusion:internationallaw’s‘finestandmost fragileflower’ 238 Bibliography 248 Index 276 vii Acknowledgements TherearemanywonderfulpeoplewhomIwouldliketothankformaking thisbooksomuchbetterthanitwouldhavebeenwithouttheirdirectand indirectinputandsupport.Sittingabsolutelyatthetopofthatlistismy amazinghusbandandmostardentsupporter,GordonMorrell,whohas oneofthefinesthistoricalbrainsaroundandtalkedwithmeadnauseum aboutallthisneutralitystuff,which,frankly,cannotbeanywherenearas interestingtohimashisownfieldsofexpertise.Ialsowanttothankmy friends,colleaguesandex-colleaguesintheDepartmentofHistoryatthe UniversityofAuckland,especiallyFelicityBarnes,SaraButtsworthand HughLaracy.OthersonthelistincludeMaartenvanGinderachter,Wim Klinkert,JanLemnitzer,RomanRossfeld,JakobTanner,AntoonVrints, Jay Winter, Susanne Wolf and Neville Wylie, as well as my postgradu- atestudents,particularlythosewhoworkedwithmeonresearchprojects relatingtothisbook:BrodyAdamson,PhilipArnold,ChrisBarber,Rene´ Bester,James(Hemi)David,KarlGoddard,AnneliseHiggins,Michael Moon, Thomas Munro, Leon Ostick, Helen Robinson, Richard Steed- man, Alanna Sullivan-Vaughn, Wang Shuo and my HISTORY715 and 780 students, to whom I wax lyrical about the absence of neutrality in studiesofnineteenth-centuryinternationalhistory.Thankyoufortaking this history as seriously as I do. I would like to extend a very grateful thankstotheUniversityofAucklandforitsfinancialandsabbaticalsup- port, without which this book would not have come about, and to my Head of Department, Jonathan Scott, for accommodating my writing needsinourdepartment’sbusyteachingschedule. Ivisitedsomewonderfularchivesandlibrariesaspartofmyresearch. My favourite among them is the (British) National Archives in Kew, London, followed closely by the Nationaal Archief in The Hague. Also important were the Peace Palace Library and the Koninklijke Biblio- theekinTheHague,theKoninklijkeBibliotheekvanBelgie¨/Bibliotheque royaledeBelgiqueinBrussels,theInstituteforSocialHistoryinandthe BelastingenDouaneMuseuminRotterdam.Theinternetisagreatand noblething,asisthedigitisationofnewspapers,pamphletsandtreatises, viii
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