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oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html i ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS • NO. 131 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html ii DEDICATED TO LINDA S. BRAIDWOOD AND ROBERT J. BRAIDWOOD oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html iii THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECTS VOLUME 1 SURVEYS IN THE PLAIN OF ANTIOCH AND ORONTES DELTA, TURKEY, 1995–2002 edited by KUTLU ASLIHAN YENER with chapters by STEPHEN BATIUK, AARON A. BURKE, JESSE J. CASANA, AMY REBECCA GANSELL, TIMOTHY P. HARRISON, HATICE PAMIR, LAURENCE PAVLISH, TONY J. WILKINSON, AND KUTLU ASLIHAN YENER and contribution by ROBERT K. RITNER THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS • NO. 131 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2005924805 ISBN: 1-885923-32-5 ISSN: 0069-3367 ©2005 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2005. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago Co-managing Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban Series Editors’ Acknowledgments The series editors thank Katherine Strange Burke and Katie L. Johnson for their assistance in the production of this volume. Spine and Title Page Illustration “Miss Piggy” Animal-headed Vessel discovered at Tell Atchana (Alalakh; AS 136). See fig. 4.26 and pl. 8 Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF PLATES.................................................................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................................... xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................................................ xix TEAM MEMBERS BY NAME AND SEASON.................................................................................................... xxi BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER ONE: THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECTS. Kutlu Aslıhan Yener................................. 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1 IMPORTANCE OF THE AMUQ ........................................................................................................................... 2 A SHORT HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS........................................................................................................ 4 THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECTS 1995–2002................................................................................. 7 THE RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 9 REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS.................................................................................................................... 10 SITE-SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS .............................................................................................................. 11 ARTIFACTUAL INVESTIGATIONS.............................................................................................................. 14 OUTREACH PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 15 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER TWO: SETTLEMENT AND LANDSCAPES IN THE AMUQ REGION. Jesse J. Casana and Tony J. Wilkinson....................................................................................................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 25 HISTORY AND TECHNIQUES OF SURVEY........................................................................................................ 25 THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECT SURVEY....................................................................................... 26 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY..................................................................... 28 DIMINISHING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS....................................... 30 DIMINISHING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS..................................... 31 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT................................................................ 33 PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT THROUGH TIME.......................................................................................... 34 Paleolithic........................................................................................................................................... 34 Epipaleolithic and Pre-pottery Neolithic........................................................................................... 35 Early Prehistoric: Amuq Phases A–D/E............................................................................................ 36 Bronze and Iron Age Settlement: Landscape of Tells........................................................................ 37 Dispersed Settlement of Seleucid and Later Times............................................................................ 40 The Islamic Period ............................................................................................................................. 44 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER THREE: THE ORONTES DELTA SURVEY. Hatice Pamir............................................................. 67 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 67 THE NATURAL SETTING .................................................................................................................................. 68 v oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html vi TABLE OF CONTENTS SURVEY METHODS........................................................................................................................................... 69 ANALYSES OF THE SURVEY RESULTS............................................................................................................ 70 NEOLITHIC/EARLY CHALCOLITHIC SITES............................................................................................... 70 BRONZE AGE SITES................................................................................................................................... 70 IRON AGE SITES........................................................................................................................................ 72 HELLENISTIC, ROMAN, AND ISLAMIC SITES........................................................................................... 73 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 75 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER FOUR: ALALAKH SPATIAL ORGANIZATION. Kutlu Aslıhan Yener.......................................... 99 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 99 AUGMENTING THE ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS OF LEVELS VII–0 ............................................................. 99 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT ALALAKH AND CHRONOLOGY................................................................... 100 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE EXPEDITION TO ALALAKH (2000–2002).......................................................... 103 ALALAKH SITE MAPS............................................................................................................................... 105 Level VII.............................................................................................................................................. 105 Level VIA and VIB and Level VA and VB.......................................................................................... 106 Level IV............................................................................................................................................... 108 Levels III and II.................................................................................................................................. 110 Level I ................................................................................................................................................. 112 Level 0................................................................................................................................................. 112 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER FIVE: THE TELL ATCHANA MAPPING AND GIS PROJECT. Stephen Batiuk and Aaron A. Burke.................................................................................................................................................. 145 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................................... 145 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 145 METHOD............................................................................................................................................................ 149 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 150 CHAPTER SIX: SURFACE CERAMICS, OFF-SITE SURVEY, AND FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT AT TELL ATCHANA (ALALAKH). Jesse J. Casana and Amy Rebecca Gansell....................................... 153 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 153 ON-SITE SURFACE COLLECTION..................................................................................................................... 153 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE MATERIAL.................................................................................. 153 DATING OF THE BRONZE AGE SURFACE MATERIAL ............................................................................. 154 ROMAN, LATE ROMAN, AND ISLAMIC CERAMIC EVIDENCE................................................................. 157 OFF-SITE SURFACE COLLECTION.................................................................................................................... 157 FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE TAªYINAT SURVEY, 1999–2002. Stephen Batiuk, Timothy P. Harrison, and Laurence Pavlish........................................................................................................................................ 171 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 171 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT TELL TAªYINAT .......................................................................................... 172 THE SYRO-HITTITE EXPEDITION ............................................................................................................. 172 HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO IRON AGE TELL TAªYINAT ........................................................................... 173 THE TAªYINAT SURVEY .................................................................................................................................. 174 SITE TOPOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................... 175 oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html TABLE OF CONTENTS vii GEOMAGNETIC REMOTE SENSING SURVEY............................................................................................ 175 THE SURFACE SURVEY............................................................................................................................. 176 Sampling Strategy and Recovery Methods......................................................................................... 176 Settlement Patterns............................................................................................................................. 176 Miscellaneous Finds........................................................................................................................... 177 SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 177 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 178 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS. Kutlu Aslıhan Yener ................................................................................. 193 THE AMUQ VALLEY AND ITS WIDER CONTEXT............................................................................................ 193 PALEOLITHIC AND AMUQ PHASES A–D/E (NEOLITHIC–UBAID).......................................................... 194 AMUQ PHASES F–J (LATE FOURTH TO THE END OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.)......................... 195 AMUQ PHASES K–O (MIDDLE/LATE BRONZE–IRON AGES, CA. 2000–SEVENTH CENTURY B.C.)..... 197 AMUQ PHASES P–V (HELLENISTIC–PRESENT) ...................................................................................... 200 FUTURE GOALS ................................................................................................................................................ 201 APPENDIX A: GAZETTEER OF SITES. Jesse J. Casana and Tony J. Wilkinson.............................................. 203 POTTERY ASSESSMENTS.................................................................................................................................. 203 GAZETTEER OF SITES....................................................................................................................................... 203 APPENDIX B: SCARAB. Robert K. Ritner........................................................................................................... 281 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES................................................................................................................ 283 PLATES ................................................................................................................................................................... 294 oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html viii oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A.H. anno Hegirae, in the year of the Hegira AS Amuq Survey AVRP Amuq Valley Regional Projects B.P. before present cf. confer, compare cm centimeter(s) diam. diameter ed(s). editor(s), edited, edition e.g. exempli gratia, for example et al. et alii, and others f(f). and following fig(s). figure(s) GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System ha hectare(s) ibid. ibidem, in the same place i.e. id est, that is in prep. in preparation m meter(s) max. maximum mm millimeter(s) MTA Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlü©ü (Turkish Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate: Turkish Geological Survey) n(n). note(s) no(s). number(s) OS Orontes Survey p(p). page(s) pl(s). plate(s) sect. section Sq(s). square(s) TAP Taªyinat Archaeological Project UTM Universal Transverse Mercator XML Extensible Markup Language ix oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html x

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The results of the Amuq Valley Regional Projects (AVRP) presented in this volume are the outcome of eight seasons of intensive fieldwork (1995-2002) representing the first phase of a long-range, broadly-based archaeological investigation in the Hatay region of southern Turkey. From its inception the
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352 Pages·2006·0.33 MB·English
by  K. Aslihan Yener
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oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html i ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS • NO. 131 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html ii DEDICATED TO LINDA S. BRAIDWOOD AND ROBERT J. BRAIDWOOD oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html iii THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECTS VOLUME 1 SURVEYS IN THE PLAIN OF ANTIOCH AND ORONTES DELTA, TURKEY, 1995–2002 edited by KUTLU ASLIHAN YENER with chapters by STEPHEN BATIUK, AARON A. BURKE, JESSE J. CASANA, AMY REBECCA GANSELL, TIMOTHY P. HARRISON, HATICE PAMIR, LAURENCE PAVLISH, TONY J. WILKINSON, AND KUTLU ASLIHAN YENER and contribution by ROBERT K. RITNER THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS • NO. 131 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2005924805 ISBN: 1-885923-32-5 ISSN: 0069-3367 ©2005 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2005. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago Co-managing Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban Series Editors’ Acknowledgments The series editors thank Katherine Strange Burke and Katie L. Johnson for their assistance in the production of this volume. Spine and Title Page Illustration “Miss Piggy” Animal-headed Vessel discovered at Tell Atchana (Alalakh; AS 136). See fig. 4.26 and pl. 8 Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF PLATES.................................................................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................................... xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................................................ xix TEAM MEMBERS BY NAME AND SEASON.................................................................................................... xxi BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER ONE: THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECTS. Kutlu Aslıhan Yener................................. 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1 IMPORTANCE OF THE AMUQ ........................................................................................................................... 2 A SHORT HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS........................................................................................................ 4 THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECTS 1995–2002................................................................................. 7 THE RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 9 REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS.................................................................................................................... 10 SITE-SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS .............................................................................................................. 11 ARTIFACTUAL INVESTIGATIONS.............................................................................................................. 14 OUTREACH PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 15 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER TWO: SETTLEMENT AND LANDSCAPES IN THE AMUQ REGION. Jesse J. Casana and Tony J. Wilkinson....................................................................................................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 25 HISTORY AND TECHNIQUES OF SURVEY........................................................................................................ 25 THE AMUQ VALLEY REGIONAL PROJECT SURVEY....................................................................................... 26 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY..................................................................... 28 DIMINISHING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS....................................... 30 DIMINISHING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS..................................... 31 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT................................................................ 33 PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT THROUGH TIME.......................................................................................... 34 Paleolithic........................................................................................................................................... 34 Epipaleolithic and Pre-pottery Neolithic........................................................................................... 35 Early Prehistoric: Amuq Phases A–D/E............................................................................................ 36 Bronze and Iron Age Settlement: Landscape of Tells........................................................................ 37 Dispersed Settlement of Seleucid and Later Times............................................................................ 40 The Islamic Period ............................................................................................................................. 44 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER THREE: THE ORONTES DELTA SURVEY. Hatice Pamir............................................................. 67 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 67 THE NATURAL SETTING .................................................................................................................................. 68 v oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html vi TABLE OF CONTENTS SURVEY METHODS........................................................................................................................................... 69 ANALYSES OF THE SURVEY RESULTS............................................................................................................ 70 NEOLITHIC/EARLY CHALCOLITHIC SITES............................................................................................... 70 BRONZE AGE SITES................................................................................................................................... 70 IRON AGE SITES........................................................................................................................................ 72 HELLENISTIC, ROMAN, AND ISLAMIC SITES........................................................................................... 73 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 75 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER FOUR: ALALAKH SPATIAL ORGANIZATION. Kutlu Aslıhan Yener.......................................... 99 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 99 AUGMENTING THE ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS OF LEVELS VII–0 ............................................................. 99 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT ALALAKH AND CHRONOLOGY................................................................... 100 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE EXPEDITION TO ALALAKH (2000–2002).......................................................... 103 ALALAKH SITE MAPS............................................................................................................................... 105 Level VII.............................................................................................................................................. 105 Level VIA and VIB and Level VA and VB.......................................................................................... 106 Level IV............................................................................................................................................... 108 Levels III and II.................................................................................................................................. 110 Level I ................................................................................................................................................. 112 Level 0................................................................................................................................................. 112 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER FIVE: THE TELL ATCHANA MAPPING AND GIS PROJECT. Stephen Batiuk and Aaron A. Burke.................................................................................................................................................. 145 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................................... 145 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 145 METHOD............................................................................................................................................................ 149 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 150 CHAPTER SIX: SURFACE CERAMICS, OFF-SITE SURVEY, AND FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT AT TELL ATCHANA (ALALAKH). Jesse J. Casana and Amy Rebecca Gansell....................................... 153 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 153 ON-SITE SURFACE COLLECTION..................................................................................................................... 153 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE MATERIAL.................................................................................. 153 DATING OF THE BRONZE AGE SURFACE MATERIAL ............................................................................. 154 ROMAN, LATE ROMAN, AND ISLAMIC CERAMIC EVIDENCE................................................................. 157 OFF-SITE SURFACE COLLECTION.................................................................................................................... 157 FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE TAªYINAT SURVEY, 1999–2002. Stephen Batiuk, Timothy P. Harrison, and Laurence Pavlish........................................................................................................................................ 171 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 171 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT TELL TAªYINAT .......................................................................................... 172 THE SYRO-HITTITE EXPEDITION ............................................................................................................. 172 HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO IRON AGE TELL TAªYINAT ........................................................................... 173 THE TAªYINAT SURVEY .................................................................................................................................. 174 SITE TOPOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................... 175 oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html TABLE OF CONTENTS vii GEOMAGNETIC REMOTE SENSING SURVEY............................................................................................ 175 THE SURFACE SURVEY............................................................................................................................. 176 Sampling Strategy and Recovery Methods......................................................................................... 176 Settlement Patterns............................................................................................................................. 176 Miscellaneous Finds........................................................................................................................... 177 SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 177 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 178 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS. Kutlu Aslıhan Yener ................................................................................. 193 THE AMUQ VALLEY AND ITS WIDER CONTEXT............................................................................................ 193 PALEOLITHIC AND AMUQ PHASES A–D/E (NEOLITHIC–UBAID).......................................................... 194 AMUQ PHASES F–J (LATE FOURTH TO THE END OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.)......................... 195 AMUQ PHASES K–O (MIDDLE/LATE BRONZE–IRON AGES, CA. 2000–SEVENTH CENTURY B.C.)..... 197 AMUQ PHASES P–V (HELLENISTIC–PRESENT) ...................................................................................... 200 FUTURE GOALS ................................................................................................................................................ 201 APPENDIX A: GAZETTEER OF SITES. Jesse J. Casana and Tony J. Wilkinson.............................................. 203 POTTERY ASSESSMENTS.................................................................................................................................. 203 GAZETTEER OF SITES....................................................................................................................................... 203 APPENDIX B: SCARAB. Robert K. Ritner........................................................................................................... 281 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES................................................................................................................ 283 PLATES ................................................................................................................................................................... 294 oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html viii oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A.H. anno Hegirae, in the year of the Hegira AS Amuq Survey AVRP Amuq Valley Regional Projects B.P. before present cf. confer, compare cm centimeter(s) diam. diameter ed(s). editor(s), edited, edition e.g. exempli gratia, for example et al. et alii, and others f(f). and following fig(s). figure(s) GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System ha hectare(s) ibid. ibidem, in the same place i.e. id est, that is in prep. in preparation m meter(s) max. maximum mm millimeter(s) MTA Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlü©ü (Turkish Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate: Turkish Geological Survey) n(n). note(s) no(s). number(s) OS Orontes Survey p(p). page(s) pl(s). plate(s) sect. section Sq(s). square(s) TAP Taªyinat Archaeological Project UTM Universal Transverse Mercator XML Extensible Markup Language ix oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/131/OIP131.html x

Description:
The results of the Amuq Valley Regional Projects (AVRP) presented in this volume are the outcome of eight seasons of intensive fieldwork (1995-2002) representing the first phase of a long-range, broadly-based archaeological investigation in the Hatay region of southern Turkey. From its inception the
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