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Amos 16.0 User's Guide PDF

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Amos™ 16.0 User’s Guide James L. Arbuckle For more information, please contact: Marketing Department Amos Development Corporation SPSS, Inc. 1121 N. Bethlehem Pike, Suite 60 - #142 233 S. Wacker Dr., 11th Floor Spring House, PA 19477, U.S.A. Chicago, IL 60606-6307, U.S.A. URL: http://amosdevelopment.com Tel: (312) 651-3000 Fax: (312) 651-3668 URL: http://www.spss.com SPSS® is a registered trademark and the other product names are the trademarks of SPSS Inc. for its proprietary computer software. Amos™ is a trademark of Amos Development Corporation. No material describing such software may be produced or distributed without the written permission of the owners of the trademark and license rights in the software and the copyrights in the published materials. The SOFTWARE and documentation are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at 52.227-7013. Contractor/manufacturer is SPSS Inc., 233 S. Wacker Dr., 11th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606-6307. General notice: Other product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective companies. Access, Excel, Explorer, FoxPro, Microsoft, Visual Basic, and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Visual Basic and Windows screen shots reproduced by permission of Microsoft Corporation. Amos 16.0 User’s Guide Copyright © 1995–2007 by Amos Development Corporation All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 10 09 08 07 ISBN-13: 978-1-56827-394-5 ISBN-10: 1-56827-394-0 C o n t e n t s Part I: Getting Started 1 Introduction 1 Featured Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 About the Tutorial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 About the Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 About the Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Other Sources of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 New Features 7 Mixture Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Changes to the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 Tutorial: Getting Started with Amos Graphics 9 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Launching Amos Graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Creating a New Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Specifying the Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Naming the Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Drawing Arrows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Constraining a Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 iii Altering the Appearance of a Path Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Setting Up Optional Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Performing the Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Viewing Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Printing the Path Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Copying the Path Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Copying Text Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Part II: Examples 1 Estimating Variances and Covariances 25 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bringing In the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Analyzing the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Viewing Graphics Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Viewing Text Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Optional Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Modeling in VB.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Modeling in C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Other Program Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2 Testing Hypotheses 43 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Parameters Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Moving and Formatting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Data Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 iv Optional Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Labeling Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram. . . . . . . . . . .55 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 3 More Hypothesis Testing 61 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Bringing In the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Testing a Hypothesis That Two Variables Are Uncorrelated . . . . . . .62 Specifying the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Viewing Text Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Viewing Graphics Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 4 Conventional Linear Regression 69 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Analysis of the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Specifying the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Fixing Regression Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Viewing the Text Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Viewing Graphics Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Viewing Additional Text Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 v 5 Unobserved Variables 83 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Measurement Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Structural Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Specifying the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Results for Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Results for Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Testing Model B against Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Modeling in VB.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6 Exploratory Analysis 103 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Model A for the Wheaton Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Model B for the Wheaton Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Model C for the Wheaton Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Multiple Models in a Single Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Output from Multiple Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Modeling in VB.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7 A Nonrecursive Model 131 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Model Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 vi Results of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8 Factor Analysis 139 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 A Common Factor Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Specifying the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Results of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9 An Alternative to Analysis of Covariance 147 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Analysis of Covariance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Model A for the Olsson Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Specifying Model A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Results for Model A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Searching for a Better Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Model B for the Olsson Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Results for Model B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Model C for the Olsson Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Results for Model C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Fitting All Models At Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 vii 10 Simultaneous Analysis of Several Groups 161 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Analysis of Several Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Modeling in VB.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 11 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Girls and Boys 177 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Specifying Model A for Girls and Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Text Output for Model A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Graphics Output for Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Model B for Girls and Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Results for Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Fitting Models A and B in a Single Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Model C for Girls and Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Results for Model C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Modeling in VB.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 12 Simultaneous Factor Analysis for Several Groups 197 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Model A for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls. . . . . . . . 198 Results for Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls. . . . . . . . 202 viii Results for Model B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 13 Estimating and Testing Hypotheses about Means 211 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Means and Intercept Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Model A for Young and Old Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Results for Model A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Model B for Young and Old Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Results for Model B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Comparison of Model B with Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Multiple Model Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Mean Structure Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 14 Regression with an Explicit Intercept 223 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Assumptions Made by Amos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Specifying the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Results of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Modeling in VB.NET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 15 Factor Analysis with Structured Means 231 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Factor Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 About the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 ix Model A for Boys and Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Results for Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Model B for Boys and Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Results for Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Comparing Models A and B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Modeling in VB.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 16 Sörbom’s Alternative to Analysis of Covariance 243 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 About the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Changing the Default Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Results for Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Results for Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Model C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Results for Model C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Model D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Results for Model D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Model E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Results for Model E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Comparison of Sörbom’s Method with the Method of Example 9 . . . 258 Model X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Modeling in Amos Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Results for Model X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Model Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Results for Model Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Model Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 x

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