Among the Powers of the Earth Among the Powers of the Earth THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE MAKING OF A NEW WORLD EMPIRE Eliga H. Gould Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts • London, En gland 2012 Copyright © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Gould, Eliga H. Among the powers of the earth : the American Revolution and the making of a new world empire / Eliga H. Gould. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 04608- 5 (alk. paper) 1. United States— Foreign relations—1775– 1783. 2. United States— Foreign relations— 1783– 1815. 3. United States— International status— History. 4. United States— History—Revolution, 1775– 1783—Infl uence. 5. United States— Territorial expansion. I. Title. E249.G68 2012 973.3'2—dc23 2011035333 For Nicky, always Contents Introduction: A Nation among Nations 1 1 On the Margins of Eu rope 14 2 The Law of Slavery 48 3 Pax Britannica 79 4 In de pen dence 111 5 A Slaveholding Republic 145 6 The New World and the Old 178 Epilogue: Mr. Monroe’s Peace 210 Notes 221 Ac know ledg ments 285 Index 289 Hudson Bay E C GRANT TO N A HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY R Newfoundland Fort Albany Fort RupertNEW F StLawreMncIe’KMAQMBaisnians Louisbourg Halifax KLAMAYTUHMSAS ATHABASSCoCloArHaNdoS O SMAiPHssNCAouOACrOMPiAHVlCAarAECtkNFatNRaeHoCnOnHaWrOsdEtaSSEi saSnLtM SCOishsSoauIOrUrUilXesIDSRAALeIGdKOANOMQisTNsUissIiLApN.pFiSASSoMiussFrispstioeFp rpiAirootrrr Mtk.LMichi gaaCnVinOchiTnshaDTaciArlestWeirmLtnAe.rHSanosurcoeintksinacIFRCQoMOFruQoBtoOe UrDnStbOR tuaNerICLSqvecihauRaIaOanegliTcrnsaPlhnaerNhImaNehsiAlSBtoaeEoINndwAnHKEIdeSB YlpoSohsBritkaaoynP Aoof FrTtu nRdLoyyAalNTIC O V Mobile CREEKS OCEAN FNEICER Rio Grande Gulf oNf eMw eOxrliecaons FSElMoINr(OiSLdEpSSa)t AugusBtianheamas(Br) Puerto Rico W O Cuba (Sp) Y (Sp) PACIFIC S A OCEAN P LT St Domingue AI Y Jamaica (Fr) N (Br) Belize(Br) North America and West Indies Mosquito ca. 1754 Coast(Br) British French VICEROYALTY Spanish OF NEW GRANADA disputed territory (Sp)
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